ArticleCell reports. Medicine2021
Longitudinal analysis shows durable and broad immune memory after SARS-CoV-2 infection with persisting antibody responses and memory B and T cells.
Article in Cell reports. Medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 326 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
326 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 452 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk assessment and antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare workers.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- Modeling of antibody waning after heterologous boosting with Ad5-nCoV in individuals primed with two-dose CoronaVac previously.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Polypore mushroom mycelia as an adjunct to COVID-19 vaccination: a randomized clinical trial.BMC immunology · 2026Trial
- Vaccination with mRNA-encoded membrane-anchored HIV envelope trimers elicited tier 2 neutralizing antibodies in a phase 1 clinical trial.Science translational medicine · 2025Trial
- Evaluation of Cellular Immune Responses After mRNA-1273 Vaccination in Children 6 Months to 11 Years of Age.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Trial
- mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine induces CD4+ T-cell responses among solid organ transplant recipients.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Trial
- Use of 3M-052-AF with Alum adjuvant in HIV trimer vaccine induces human autologous neutralizing antibodies.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2024Trial
- SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike ferritin nanoparticle vaccine adjuvanted with Army Liposome Formulation containing monophosphoryl lipid A and QS-21: a phase 1, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, first-in-human clinical trial.The Lancet. Microbe · 2024Trial
- Strong CD4+ T-Cell Responses to Ancestral and Variant Spike Proteins Are Established by NVX-CoV2373 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Primary Vaccination.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2023Trial
- The challenge and promise of studying human antigen-specific T cells.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Comprehensive longitudinal profiling identifies differential frequency, epitope specificity, and effector function of CD8EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Pathogen-specific immune responses might underlie divergent outcomes of coronavirus and influenza infection in the natural porcine host.Communications biology · 2026Article
- A phase 1 randomized controlled trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a HIV monomeric gp120 protein B-cell lineage targeting HIV vaccine in healthy adults.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Preexisting Humoral Immunity Against Seasonal Coronaviruses Enhances Antibody Responses on SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Measuring Humoral Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2: A Comprehensive Review of Serological Assays.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Coordinated immune response distinguishes duration of SARS-CoV-2 viral particle shedding in humans.iScience · 2026Article
- The Effects of Past COVID-19 and Vaccination on Antibody Levels, Cellular Immunity, and Cytokine Production by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Immunological memory to vaccines.Immunity · 2026Review
- Article
266 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
33 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Ending the COVID-19 pandemic will require long-lived immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Here, we evaluate 254 COVID-19 patients longitudinally up to 8 months and find durable broad-based immune responses. SARS-CoV-2 spike binding and neutralizing antibodies exhibit a bi-phasic decay with an extended half-life of >200 days suggesting the generation of longer-lived plasma cells. SARS-CoV-2 infection also boosts antibody titers to SARS-CoV-1 and common betacoronaviruses. In addition, spike-specific IgG+ memory B cells persist, which bodes well for a rapid antibody response upon virus re-exposure or vaccination. Virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are polyfunctional and maintained with an estimated half-life of 200 days. Interestingly, CD4+ T cell responses equally target several SARS-CoV-2 proteins, whereas the CD8+ T cell responses preferentially target the nucleoprotein, highlighting the potential importance of including the nucleoprotein in future vaccines. Taken together, these results suggest that broad and effective immunity may persist long-term in recovered COVID-19 patients.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.