ReviewFrontiers in immunology2021
Defects in Macrophage Reprogramming in Cancer Therapy: The Negative Impact of PD-L1/PD-1.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 79 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
79 citing papers in PubMed, 120 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cancer-Associated Fibroblast-Derived FGF7 Promotes Immune Escape in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma via JAK/STAT3-Mediated PD-L1 Expression.Molecular carcinogenesis · 2026Article
- Heterogeneity of macrophages in PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor therapy: a single-cell perspective.Cellular & molecular biology letters · 2026Review
- Identification and validation of a prognostic risk-scoring model in drug-resistant ALL and evaluation of immune micro-environment.Annals of hematology · 2026Article
- PD-L2 deficiency in Alveolar macrophages drives fibrosis, apoptosis, and ferroptosis via M1 polarization in connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2026Article
- High expression of USP15 affects tumor progression and immune infiltration in hepatocellular carcinoma.Hepatology forum · 2026Article
- Crosstalk between tumor-associated macrophages and the B7/CD28 family in immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced immunotherapy.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2026Review
- Immune modulation in gastric cancer: from macrophage polarization to immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Monocyte-Macrophage Lineages in Cancer: Biology, Plasticity, and Therapeutic Targeting.Cancer biome and targeted therapy · 2026Article
- Alternate actions of CDK4/6 inhibitors beyond cell cycle blockade: unexplored roles in therapy resistance.Cancer metastasis reviews · 2025Review
- METTL3/RBM15 augments the stability of Kdm6b mRNA and promotes STAT1-mediated macrophage activation and atherosclerosis.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2025Article
- CXCL8 mediates macrophage migration in canine oral malignant melanoma.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Beyond borders: engineering organ-targeted immunotherapies to overcome site-specific barriers in cancer.Drug delivery and translational research · 2025Review
- ZBP1, an M1 Macrophage-Associated Biomarker Identified by Machine Learning, Suppresses Tumorigenesis and Predicts Immunotherapy Response in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2025Article
- Role of Colony Stimulating Factor 1 (CSF-1) and Its Receptor CSF1R: Macrophage Repolarization for Glioblastoma Treatment.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2025Review
- Norcantharidin promotes M1 macrophage polarization and suppresses colorectal cancer growth.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2025Article
- Formulation Strategies for Immunomodulatory Natural Products in 3D Tumor Spheroids and Organoids: Current Challenges and Emerging Solutions.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Elevated tumor NOS2/COX2 promotes immunosuppressive phenotypes associated with poor survival in ER- breast cancer.JCI insight · 2025Article
- Article
- Macrophage Reprogramming: Emerging Molecular Therapeutic Strategies for Nephrolithiasis.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Insights of immune cell heterogeneity, tumor-initiated subtype transformation, drug resistance, treatment and detecting technologies in glioma microenvironment.Journal of advanced research · 2025Review
19 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Classically activated M1 macrophages and alternatively activated M2 macrophages are two polarized subsets of macrophages at the extreme ends of a constructed continuum. In the field of cancer research, M2 macrophage reprogramming is defined as the repolarization of pro-tumoral M2 to anti-tumoral M1 macrophages. It is known that colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1)/CSF1 receptor (CSF1R) and CSF2/CSF2R signaling play important roles in macrophage polarization. Targeting CSF1/CSF1R for M2 macrophage reprogramming has been widely performed in clinical trials for cancer therapy. Other targets for M2 macrophage reprogramming include Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), TLR8, TLR9, CD40, histone deacetylase (HDAC), and PI3Kγ. Although macrophages are involved in innate and adaptive immune responses, M1 macrophages are less effective at phagocytosis and antigen presenting, which are required properties for the activation of T cells and eradication of cancer cells. Similar to T and dendritic cells, the "functionally exhausted" status might be attributed to the high expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) or programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). PD-L1 is expressed on both M1 and M2 macrophages. Macrophage reprogramming from M2 to M1 might increase the expression of PD-L1, which can be transcriptionally activated by STAT3. Macrophage reprogramming or PD-L1/PD-1 blockade alone is less effective in the treatment of most cancers. Since PD-L1/PD-1 blockade could make up for the defect in macrophage reprogramming, the combination of macrophage reprogramming and PD-L1/PD-1 blockade might be a novel treatment strategy for cancer therapy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.