ReviewMolecular immunology2021
Helminth extracellular vesicles: Interactions with the host immune system.
Review in Molecular immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 66 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
66 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 107 citations in OpenAlex.
- Extracellular vesicles in host-parasite interactions: a bibliometric review of mechanisms, diagnostics, vaccines, and drug delivery (2015-2025).Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Pooled it
- Anisakiasis: A Decade of Molecular and Diagnostic Advancements (2015-2026).International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Identification and multi-omics analysis of extracellular vesicles from the plerocercoids of Spirometra mansoni (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae).Parasitology research · 2026Article
- Molecular characterisation of extracellular vesicles released by Strongyloides stercoralis infective larvae isolated from a clinical sample.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- The human immunome in the post-schistosomiasis mass drug administration era.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Review
- Chromosome-scale nuclear genome and proteome of Anoplocephala perfoliata elucidate lineage-specific features of a 'neglected' equine tapeworm.BMC genomics · 2026Article
- Proteomic Profiling of an Exosome-Enriched Extracellular Vesicle Fraction and Structural Characterization of SMPDL3A in the Carcinogenic Liver FlukeInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins: membrane gatekeepers of fusion and infection.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Apoptosis as an evolutionary battleground: pathogen pressure and the shaping of programmed cell death pathways.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Chemical perturbation reveals a cytoskeletal-trafficking vulnerability inFrontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Extracellular vesicles in intestinal protozoa: hidden mediators of host-parasite communication.Gut pathogens · 2025Review
- Co-Infection Dynamics ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The immunomodulatory p43 secreted protein of Trichuris whipworm parasites is a lipid carrier that binds signalling lipids and precursors.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Enolase and 16.5-kDa Tegument-Associated Protein inJournal of extracellular biology · 2025Article
- Coevolutionary interplay: Helminths-trained immunity and its impact on the rise of inflammatory diseases.eLife · 2025Review
- The Lipid Composition of the Exo-Metabolome fromMetabolites · 2025Article
- Helminth extracellular vesicles co-opt host monocytes to drive T cell anergy.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2025Article
- Exploring microRNA-Mediated Immune Responses to Soil-Transmitted Helminth and Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Co-Infections.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Exploring the exoproteome of the parasitic nematodeFrontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Unraveling the microRNAs Involved in Fasciolosis: Master Regulators of the Host-Parasite Crosstalk.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
As long-lived parasites, helminths depend upon immunomodulation of their hosts for survival. The release of excretory-secretory (ES) products, including proteins, lipids and RNAs is how successful host manipulation is achieved. It has recently been discovered that the ES products of helminths contain extracellular vesicles (EVs), with every species investigated found to secrete these lipid-bound structures. EVs are perfect for packaging and delivering immune modulators to target cell types. This review outlines the research carried out on helminth EVs and their constituents thus far, as well as their interaction with components of the mammalian immune system. We discuss how targeting EVs will aid treatment of helminth infection and consider how EVs and their immunomodulatory cargo could be used as therapeutics as we progress through this exciting era.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.