Observational studyDrug and alcohol dependence2021
An examination between treatment type and treatment retention in persons with opioid and co-occurring alcohol use disorders.
Observational study in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evidence-based framework for identifying opioid use disorder in administrative data: A systematic review and methodological development study.Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.) · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of randomization to buprenorphine or naltrexone for OUD on cannabis use outcomes: A secondary analysis of the X:BOT trial.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Trial
- Gabapentin increases the abuse liability of alcohol alone and in combination with oxycodone in participants with co-occurring opioid and alcohol use disorder.Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2022Trial
- Exploratory associations between co-occurring opioid and alcohol use disorders and GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Alcohol Use Disorder Diagnoses and HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Adherence and Continuation: a Retrospective Cohort Study.Journal of general internal medicine · 2026Article
- Impact of Co-Occurring Psychiatric Comorbidities and Substance Use Disorders on Outcomes in Adolescents and Young Adults with Opioid Use Disorder: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Medications for opioid use disorder: Predictors of early discontinuation and reduction of overdose risk in US military veterans by medication type.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2025Article
- Medication-based treatment among rural, primary care patients diagnosed with opioid use disorder and alcohol use disorder.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2024Article
- Concurrent opioid and alcohol withdrawal management.The mental health clinician · 2023Article
- Risks of returning to opioid use at treatment entry and early in opioid use disorder treatment: Role of non-opioid substances.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2023Article
- Prescription amphetamines in people with opioid use disorder and co-occurring psychostimulant use disorder initiating buprenorphine: an analysis of treatment retention and overdose risk.BMJ mental health · 2023Article
- Cessation of self-reported opioid use and impacts on co-occurring health conditions.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2023Article
- Analysis of Stimulant Prescriptions and Drug-Related Poisoning Risk Among Persons Receiving Buprenorphine Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder.JAMA network open · 2022Article
- Comparative Effectiveness Associated With Buprenorphine and Naltrexone in Opioid Use Disorder and Cooccurring Polysubstance Use.JAMA network open · 2022Observational
- CpH methylome analysis in human cortical neurons identifies novel gene pathways and drug targets for opioid use disorder.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- Development and validation of machine-learning algorithms predicting retention, overdoses, and all-cause mortality among US military veterans treated with buprenorphine for opioid use disorder.Journal of addictive diseasesArticle
- Differences in prescribing patterns of opioid dependence drugs among patients with primary alcohol use problems and opioid use disorders within New York State by social determinant factors, 2005-2018.Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhAArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
aimsPersons with opioid use disorder (OUD) and co-occurring alcohol use disorder (AUD) are understudied. We identified whether co-occurring AUD was associated with OUD treatment type, compared associations between treatment type and six-month treatment retention and determined whether co-occurring AUD moderated these relationships.
methodsWe used an observational cohort study design to analyze insurance claims data from 2011 to 2016 from persons aged 12-64 with an opioid abuse or opioid dependence diagnosis and OUD treatment claim. Our unit of analysis was the treatment episode; we used logistic regression for analyses.
resultsOf 211,047 treatment episodes analyzed, 14 % had co-occurring alcohol abuse or dependence diagnoses. Among persons with opioid dependence, persons with co-occurring alcohol dependence were 25 % less likely to receive medication treatment relative to those without AUD. Further, alcohol dependence was associated with decreased likelihood of treatment with buprenorphine (AOR 0.47, 95 % CI 0.44-0.49) or methadone (AOR 0.31, 95 % CI 0.28-0.35) and increased likelihood of treatment with extended-release (AOR 1.36, 95 % CI 1.21-1.54) or oral (AOR 1.73, 95 % CI 1.57-1.90) naltrexone relative to psychosocial treatment. Buprenorphine and methadone were associated with highest retention prevalence regardless of OUD or AUD severity. Co-occurring alcohol abuse or dependence did not meaningfully change retention prevalence associated with buprenorphine or methadone. Co-occurring AUD was not associated with improved retention among persons receiving either formulation of naltrexone.
conclusionsBuprenorphine and methadone are associated with relatively high likelihood of treatment retention among persons opioid and alcohol dependence, but are disproportionately under-prescribed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.