ReviewJournal of religion and health2021
Moral Injury: An Increasingly Recognized and Widespread Syndrome.
Review in Journal of religion and health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 74 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
74 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 137 citations in OpenAlex.
- Severity and associated factors of moral injury in healthcare workers during the coronavirus pandemic: a comprehensive meta-analysis.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence of occupational moral injury and post-traumatic embitterment disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open · 2024Pooled it
- Examining the Association Between Moral Injury and Suicidal Behavior in Military Populations: A Systematic Review.Journal of religion and health · 2023Pooled it
- Self-compassion mediates treatment effects in MDMA-assisted therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2025Trial
- Remaining Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: Spiritual and Psychiatric Reflections on Magnifica Humanitas.Journal of religion and health · 2026Article
- Moral Injury and the Nurse Manager.Journal of clinical nursing · 2026Article
- Healing the Moral Self: Al-Ghazālī's Psychology of the Heart and Moral Injury, with Implications for Muslim Mental Health and Spiritual Care in Indonesia.Journal of religion and health · 2026Article
- The biopsychosocial-spiritual impact on non-clinical health professionals who interact with traumatic and/or sensitive health data: A scoping review.Health information management : journal of the Health Information Management Association of Australia · 2026Article
- The need to integrate spirituality into sleep medicine as a dimension of whole-person, person-centered care.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2026Article
- Reflective practice to reduce moral injury in healthcare workers.Occupational medicine (Oxford, England) · 2026Review
- Insecure Attachment to God and Perceived Wellness at a US Private University.Journal of religion and health · 2026Article
- Moral injury severity profiles and their pathways to negative emotions in medical staff: the differential mediating role of emotion regulation.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- Interpretation and the art of care- Gadamer's hermeneutics and physician wellbeing.Philosophy, ethics, and humanities in medicine : PEHM · 2026Article
- Repairing Attachment Insecurities with God and PTSD Symptomology in Adult Survivors of Childhood Trauma: An Exploratory Study Using Spiritually Integrated Cognitive Processing Therapy (SICPT).Journal of religion and health · 2026Article
- Moral Injury as a Wound of Meaning and Conscience: An Introductory Synthesis of Conceptual Foundations, Spiritual Dimensions, and Clinical Implications.Journal of religion and health · 2026Article
- Moral Injury as Tragedy: The Tragic Arc as a Narrative Heuristic for Clinical Practice.Journal of religion and health · 2026Article
- Defining Moral Injury: A Natural Scaffold.Journal of religion and health · 2026Article
- Moral Injury in Elite Sport: Trauma in the Failure of the Athlete's Quest.Journal of religion and health · 2026Article
- Personality Perspective on Moral Injury Among Chinese Healthcare Workers: A Network Analysis.Journal of religion and health · 2026Article
- Moral Injury in the DSM-5-TR: Syndrome Spectrum vs. Categorical Disorder.Journal of religion and health · 2026Article
14 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Moral injury (MI), originally discussed in relationship to transgressing moral beliefs and values during wartime among military personnel, has expanded beyond this context to include similar emotions experienced by healthcare professionals, first responders, and others experiencing moral emotions resulting from actions taken or observations made during traumatic events or circumstances. In this article, we review the history, definition, measurement, prevalence, distinctiveness, psychological consequences, manifestations (in and outside of military settings), and correlates of MI in different settings. We also review secular psychological treatments, spiritually integrated therapies, and pastoral care approaches (specific for clergy and chaplains) used to treat MI and the evidence documenting their efficacy. Finally, we examine directions for future research needed to fill the many gaps in our knowledge about MI, how it develops, and how to help those suffering from it.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.