ArticlePediatrics2021
Gestational Age at Term and Educational Outcomes at Age Nine.
Article in Pediatrics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Cognitive and academic outcomes of large-for-gestational-age babies born at early term: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2025Pooled it
- Maternal and newborn plasma oxytocin levels in response to maternal synthetic oxytocin administration during labour, birth and postpartum - a systematic review with implications for the function of the oxytocinergic system.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2023Pooled it
- Comparison of Chinese and international birth weight standards in predicting early childhood growth outcomes: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Short- and Long-Term Consequences of Late-Preterm and Early-Term Birth.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Brain network evolution in late preterm to term infants: a near-infrared spectroscopy imaging study.Neurophotonics · 2025Article
- Article
- Association Between Gestational Age and Academic Achievement of Children Born at Term.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Offspring school performance at age 12 after induction of labor vs non-intervention at term: A linked cohort study.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2023Article
- Gestational Age at Term and Teacher-Reported Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptom Patterns.The Journal of pediatrics · 2022Article
- Analysis and Comparison of Early Childhood Nutritional Outcomes Among Offspring of Chinese Women Under the Chinese 2021 and US 2009 Gestational Weight Gain Guidelines.JAMA network open · 2022Article
- Neonatal Outcome and Treatment Perspectives of Preterm Infants at the Border of Viability.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Early Childcare Precarity and Subsequent Maternal Health.Women's health issues : official publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women's HealthArticle
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo estimate associations between gestational age (GA) and teacher-reported academic outcomes at age 9 years among children born at term (37-41 weeks).
methodsA secondary data analysis of 1405 children participating in a national US birth cohort study was conducted. At age 9 years, students were evaluated by their teachers in the areas of mathematics, science and social studies, and language and literacy. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models of associations between GA and teacher-reported academic outcomes were estimated and neonatal morbidities were explored as potential pathways.
resultsA continuous measure of GA in weeks was significantly associated with above-average rankings in all areas. The associations were similar across outcomes (eg, mathematics [odds ratio (OR): 1.13; confidence interval (CI): 1.02-1.25], science and social studies [OR: 1.13; CI: 1.01-1.26], and language and literacy [OR: 1.16; CI: 1.05-1.28]) in a model that adjusted for child sex, maternal characteristics, and obstetric risk factors and delivery complications. Other specifications indicate a positive association between late term (41 weeks) and mathematics and a negative association between early term (37-38 weeks) and language and literacy, compared with term (39-40). The associations did not appear to operate through neonatal morbidity.
conclusionsThe findings highlight the importance of GA, even at term. Whereas current guidelines suggest waiting until at least 39 weeks to deliver when possible, our findings add to a small group of studies suggesting that GA through 41 weeks is associated with improvements in some educational outcomes.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.