ArticleScience (New York, N.Y.)2021
Gut microbiome heritability is nearly universal but environmentally contingent.
Article in Science (New York, N.Y.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 138 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
138 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Gut microbiota bridges dietary nutrients and host immunity.Science China. Life sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Age-related changes in the gut microbiota of a long-lived seabird suggest divergence from mammalian models.Royal Society open science · 2026Article
- Ageing processes in the bonobo gut microbiome mirror human patterns.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026Article
- Animal gut microbes and microbiomes in the 21st century and beyond.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Review
- Article
- Maternal and infant gut microbiome.iMeta · 2026Review
- Gut microbiota and aging: current understanding and future perspectives.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- NovelGut · 2026Article
- Gut Microbiome Communities Vary Across Translocated Populations of the Seychelles Warbler.Ecology and evolution · 2026Article
- The island biology of the host microbiome.Trends in microbiology · 2026Review
- Environmental microbial communities and host selection shape larval microbiomes.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Social microbiome transmission predicts microbial specialization and host lifespan in a wild primate.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Social Structure and Interactions Differentially Shape Aerotolerant and Anaerobic Gut Microbiomes in a Cooperative Breeding Species.Molecular ecology · 2026Article
- Collaboration of the symbiotic microbiome and host genome during the high altitude adaptation of chickens.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Article
- MHC class II genes influence the gut microbiota of wild golden snub-nosed monkeys.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Insights into pig resilience: the Microbiome-genetic connection.Porcine health management · 2026Review
- Seed-microbiome interactions: Mechanistic insights and utilization toward seed performance for sustainable agriculture.Plant communications · 2026Review
- Genome-wide association analyses highlight the role of the intestinal molecular environment in human gut microbiota variation.Nature genetics · 2026Article
- Post-defecation exposure alters gut microbiota of forest musk deer with implications for conservation metagenomics.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2026Article
- HoloSimR: a comprehensive framework for simulating breeding programs including the hologenome scenario.Journal of animal science · 2026Article
78 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
21 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Relatives have more similar gut microbiomes than nonrelatives, but the degree to which this similarity results from shared genotypes versus shared environments has been controversial. Here, we leveraged 16,234 gut microbiome profiles, collected over 14 years from 585 wild baboons, to reveal that host genetic effects on the gut microbiome are nearly universal. Controlling for diet, age, and socioecological variation, 97% of microbiome phenotypes were significantly heritable, including several reported as heritable in humans. Heritability was typically low (mean = 0.068) but was systematically greater in the dry season, with low diet diversity, and in older hosts. We show that longitudinal profiles and large sample sizes are crucial to quantifying microbiome heritability, and indicate scope for selection on microbiome characteristics as a host phenotype.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.