Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34242971›Full record

ArticlePsychiatry research2021

Perceived COVID-19-related anti-Asian discrimination predicts post traumatic stress disorder symptoms among Asian and Asian American young adults.

Hyeouk Chris Hahm, Yoonsook Ha, Judith C Scott, Venissala Wongchai, Justin A Chen, Cindy H Liu

Open access · greenAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Psychiatry research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
51citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
13.8field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

51 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 122 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Trial
  3. Anti-Asian Racism: Developing a Brief, Reliable, and Valid Measure.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026
    Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Subjective Stress Appraisals Over Time: the Evolving Structure of the COVID-19 Stressor Scale.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2026
    Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. "If I Stay Quiet, the Only Person That Gets Hurt Is Me": Anti-Asian Racism and the Mental Health of Chinese-Canadian Youth During the COVID-19 Pandemic.The Canadian journal of nursing research = Revue canadienne de recherche en sciences infirmieres · 2025
    Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.

Hyeouk Chris HahmSchool of Social Work, 264 Bay State Road, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Electronic address: hahm@bu.edu.
Yoonsook HaSchool of Social Work, 264 Bay State Road, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
Judith C ScottSchool of Social Work, 264 Bay State Road, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
Venissala WongchaiDepartment of Infectious Diseases, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY. Electronic address: venissala.wongchai@nyulangone.org.
Justin A ChenDepartment of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: Chen.Justin@mgh.harvard.edu.
Cindy H LiuDepartment of Newborn Medicine & Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: chliu@bwh.harvard.edu.
Bay State College · USBrigham and Women's Hospital · USMassachusetts General Hospital · USNYU Langone Health · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveThis study investigates the prevalence of COVID-19-related discrimination and the extent to which COVID-19-related discrimination is associated with mental health symptoms among Asians and Asian American (A/AA) young adults during the first three months of the COVID-19 pandemic.

methodsWe used data from the COVID-19 Adult Resilience Experiences Study (CARES), a cross-sectional online survey conducted in the U.S. Out of 1,001 respondents, 211 A/AA young adults were analyzed for this study.

resultsSixty-eight percent of A/AA young adults reported that they or their family have experienced COVID-19-related discrimination and approximately 15% of respondents reported verbal or physical assaults. After controlling for covariates including predisposing factors, lifetime discrimination, and pre-existing mental health diagnoses, COVID-19-related discrimination was significantly associated with an increased level of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but not of anxiety or depression. Our study results suggest that COVID-19-related discrimination may contribute to PTSD symptoms among A/AA young adults. LIMITATIONS: This was cross-sectional data which was collected through online and self-report rather than clinical evaluation.

conclusionThis finding adds greater urgency to develop and implement policy- and individual-level interventions to reduce race-based discrimination among A/AA.

Indexed as

COVID-19Stress Disorders, Post-TraumaticAnxietyAsianCross-Sectional StudiesDepressionHumansPandemicsSARS-CoV-2Young AdultAsian AmericansAsiansCovid-19DiscriminationPTSDYoung adults

Identifiers

PMID34242971
PMCPMC8661065
OpenAlexW3177455587

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.