ArticleClinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases2021
Immunomodulatory therapy, risk factors and outcomes of hospital-acquired bloodstream infection in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia: a Spanish case-control matched multicentre study (BACTCOVID).
Article in Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antimicrobial resistance in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet. Microbe · 2023Pooled it
- Changes in the microbial spectrum and antimicrobial resistance of bloodstream infections in intensive care units before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- A multicenter COVID-19 database from four waves in the south metropolitan area of Barcelona, Catalonia.Scientific data · 2026Article
- Enhanced Spread of Carbapenem-ResistantInfection and drug resistance · 2026Article
- The Clinical Value of Inflammatory Indicators at the Time of Secondary Infection After Treatment With Tocilizumab: A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Bloodstream infections in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic: Changing epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in the intensive care unit.Journal of intensive medicine · 2024Review
- Timing and prediction of secondary bacteremia in patients with COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study.Journal of general and family medicine · 2024Article
- Healthcare-associated infections in patients with severe COVID-19 supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a nationwide cohort study.Critical care (London, England) · 2024Article
- Corticosteroid Dosing Level, Incidence and Profile of Bacterial Blood Stream Infections in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients.Viruses · 2024Article
- Review
- Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Incidence and Epidemiology of Catheter-Related Bacteremia, Spain.Emerging infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Incidence, Risk Factors, and Prognosis of Bloodstream Infections in COVID-19 Patients in Intensive Care: A Single-Center Observational Study.Journal of intensive care medicine · 2022Observational
- The utility of CRP with the use of dexamethasone and Tocilizumab in critically ill patients with COVID-19.Journal of critical care · 2022Article
- Bloodstream Infections in a COVID-19 Non-ICU Department: Microbial Epidemiology, Resistance Profiles and Comparative Analysis of Risk Factors and Patients' Outcome.Microorganisms · 2022Article
- Effect of Tocilizumab Treatment on Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Bacteremia: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2022Article
- Characteristics and prognosis of bloodstream infection in patients with COVID-19 admitted in the ICU: an ancillary study of the COVID-ICU study.Annals of intensive care · 2021Article
- Risk factors associated with bloodstream infections among critically ill patients with COVID-19.The Journal of infection · 2021Article
- The Impact of COVID-19 on the Profile of Hospital-Acquired Infections in Adult Intensive Care Units.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Incidence, Risk Factors and Impact on Clinical Outcomes of Bloodstream Infections in Patients Hospitalised with COVID-19: A Prospective Cohort Study.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Bacterial bloodstream infection in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study.Therapeutic advances in infectious diseaseArticle
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Authors and funding
21 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThe effect of the use of immunomodulatory drugs on the risk of developing hospital-acquired bloodstream infection (BSI) in patients with COVID-19 has not been specifically assessed. We aim to identify risk factors for, and outcomes of, BSI among hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia.
methodsWe performed a severity matched case-control study (1:1 ratio) nested in a large multicentre prospective cohort of hospitalized adults with COVID-19. Cases with BSI were identified from the cohort database. Controls were matched for age, sex and acute respiratory distress syndrome. A Cox proportional hazard ratio model was performed.
resultsOf 2005 patients, 100 (4.98%) presented 142 episodes of BSI, mainly caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Polymicrobial infection accounted for 23 episodes. The median time from admission to the first episode of BSI was 15 days (IQR 9-20), and the most frequent source was catheter-related infection. The characteristics of patients with and without BSI were similar, including the use of tocilizumab, corticosteroids, and combinations. In the multivariate analysis, the use of these immunomodulatory drugs was not associated with an increased risk of BSI. A Cox proportional hazard ratio (HR) model showed that after adjusting for the time factor, BSI was associated with a higher in-hospital mortality risk (HR 2.59; 1.65-4.07; p < 0.001). DISCUSSION: Hospital-acquired BSI in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia was uncommon and the use of immunomodulatory drugs was not associated with its development. When adjusting for the time factor, BSI was associated with a higher mortality risk.
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