ArticlePloS one2021
Exposure to low-dose ambient fine particulate matter PM2.5 and Alzheimer's disease, non-Alzheimer's dementia, and Parkinson's disease in North Carolina.
Article in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 69 citations in OpenAlex.
- Geospatial analysis of environmental atmospheric risk factors in neurodegenerative diseases: a systematic review update.Systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Air pollution: a latent key driving force of dementia.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Ambient air pollution and clinical dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2023Pooled it
- Air Pollution and Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Air pollution and mortality in a University of Michigan amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cohort: a survival analysis.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2026Article
- Exposure to ambient air pollution and onset of Parkinson's disease in a large cohort study.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2025Article
- The absolute and relative concentration-response patterns of exposure to ambient air pollutants and the risk of Alzheimer's disease.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2025Article
- Pathways to the Brain: Impact of Fine Particulate Matter Components on the Central Nervous System.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The role of the components of PMEnvironment international · 2025Article
- Global, regional and national temporal trends in Parkinson's disease incidence, disability-adjusted life year rates in middle-aged and older adults: a cross-national inequality analysis and Bayesian age-period-cohort analysis based on the global burden of disease 2021.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Article
- The Epidemiological and Toxicological Intersection of Air Pollution and Dementia.Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology · 2025Review
- Impact on murine neurodevelopment of early-life exposure to airborne ultrafine carbon nanoparticles.Particle and fibre toxicology · 2024Article
- Air Pollution as an Environmental Risk Factor for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias.Medical research archives · 2024Article
- Air Pollution and Parkinson Disease in a Population-Based Study.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Association of PMNeurology · 2024Article
- Nitrooxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation Caused by Air Pollutants Are Associated with the Biological Markers of Neurodegenerative Diseases.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Single-domain magnetic particles with motion behavior under electromagnetic AC and DC fields are a fatal cargo in Metropolitan Mexico City pediatric and young adult early Alzheimer, Parkinson, frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and in ALS patients.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2024Article
- 2024 United States Elections: Air Pollution, Neurodegeneration, Neuropsychiatric, and Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Who Cares?Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2024Article
- Transcriptomics profile of human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to ambient fine particles and influenza virus (H3N2).Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Scanning ion conductance microscopy reveals differential effect of PMAnalytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), non-AD dementia, and Parkinson's disease (PD) are increasingly common in older adults, yet all risk factors for their onset are not fully understood. Consequently, environmental exposures, including air pollution, have been hypothesized to contribute to the etiology of neurodegeneration. Because persistently elevated rates of AD mortality in the southern Piedmont area of North Carolina (NC) have been documented, we studied mortality and hospital admissions for AD, non-AD dementia, and PD in residential populations aged 65+ with long-term exposures to elevated levels of ambient air particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) air quality standards (≥10μg/m3). Health data were obtained from the State Center for Health Statistics and the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. PM2.5 levels were obtained from the MODIS/MISR and SeaWiFS datafiles. Residents in the Study group of elevated air particulate matter (87 zip codes with PM2.5≥10μg/m3) were compared to the residents in the Control group with low levels of air particulate matter (81 zip codes with PM2.5≤7.61μg/m3), and were found to have higher age-adjusted rates of mortality and hospital admissions for AD, non-AD dementia, and PD, including a most pronounced increase in AD mortality (323/100,000 vs. 257/100,000, respectively). After adjustment for multiple co-factors, the risk of death (odds ratio, or OR) from AD in the Study group (OR = 1.35, 95%CI[1.24-1.48]) was significantly higher than ORs of non-AD dementia or PD (OR = 0.97, 95%CI[0.90-1.04] and OR = 1.13, 95%CI[0.92-1.31]). The OR of hospital admissions was significantly increased only for AD as a primary case of hospitalization (OR = 1.54, 95%CI[1.31-1.82]). Conclusion: NC residents aged 65+ with long-term exposures to ambient PM2.5 levels exceeding the WHO standard had significantly increased risks of death and hospital admissions for AD. The effects for non-AD dementia and PD were less pronounced.
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Registered trials
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