Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34240696›Full record

ArticleEuro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin2021

Nanopore metagenomic sequencing of influenza virus directly from respiratory samples: diagnosis, drug resistance and nosocomial transmission, United Kingdom, 2018/19 influenza season.

Yifei Xu, Kuiama Lewandowski, Louise O Downs, James Kavanagh, Thomas Hender, Sheila Lumley, Katie Jeffery, Dona Foster, Nicholas D Sanderson, Ali Vaughan and 8 more

Open access · diamondAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
22citing papers in PubMed
4.1field-weighted citation impact, top 5% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

22 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Review
  2. Nanopore sequencing for precise detection ofJournal of clinical microbiology · 2025
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  4. Review
  5. Article
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  7. Article
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  9. Review
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  13. Agnostic Sequencing for Detection of Viral Pathogens.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2023
    Review
  14. Review
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Metagenomic Sequencing for the Diagnosis ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2022
    Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

18 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.

Yifei XuNuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Kuiama LewandowskiPublic Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom.
Louise O DownsDepartment of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
James KavanaghNuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Thomas HenderPublic Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom.
Sheila LumleyDepartment of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Katie JefferyDepartment of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Dona FosterNuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Nicholas D SandersonNuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Ali VaughanNuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Marcus MorganDepartment of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Richard VipondPublic Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom.
Miles CarrollPublic Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom.
Timothy PetoNuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Derrick CrookNuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
A Sarah WalkerNuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Philippa C MatthewsNIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Steven T PullanPublic Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom.
University of Oxford · GBPublic Health England · GBJohn Radcliffe Hospital · GBOxford BioMedica (United Kingdom) · GB

Funding

Wellcome Trust
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BackgroundInfluenza virus presents a considerable challenge to public health by causing seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics. Nanopore metagenomic sequencing has the potential to be deployed for near-patient testing, providing rapid infection diagnosis, rationalising antimicrobial therapy, and supporting infection-control interventions.AimTo evaluate the applicability of this sequencing approach as a routine laboratory test for influenza in clinical settings.MethodsWe conducted Oxford Nanopore Technologies (Oxford, United Kingdom (UK)) metagenomic sequencing for 180 respiratory samples from a UK hospital during the 2018/19 influenza season, and compared results to routine molecular diagnostic standards (Xpert Xpress Flu/RSV assay; BioFire FilmArray Respiratory Panel 2 assay). We investigated drug resistance, genetic diversity, and nosocomial transmission using influenza sequence data.ResultsCompared to standard testing, Nanopore metagenomic sequencing was 83% (75/90) sensitive and 93% (84/90) specific for detecting influenza A viruses. Of 59 samples with haemagglutinin subtype determined, 40 were H1 and 19 H3. We identified an influenza A(H3N2) genome encoding the oseltamivir resistance S331R mutation in neuraminidase, potentially associated with an emerging distinct intra-subtype reassortant. Whole genome phylogeny refuted suspicions of a transmission cluster in a ward, but identified two other clusters that likely reflected nosocomial transmission, associated with a predominant community-circulating strain. We also detected other potentially pathogenic viruses and bacteria from the metagenome.ConclusionNanopore metagenomic sequencing can detect the emergence of novel variants and drug resistance, providing timely insights into antimicrobial stewardship and vaccine design. Full genome generation can help investigate and manage nosocomial outbreaks.

Indexed as

Cross InfectionInfluenza, HumanNanoporesAntiviral AgentsDrug ResistanceDrug Resistance, ViralHumansInfluenza A Virus, H3N2 SubtypeMetagenomeNeuraminidaseSeasonsUnited KingdomAntiviral AgentsNeuraminidaseantiviral drug resistancediagnosisgenetic diversityinfluenzametagenomicsNanoporenosocomial transmissionrespiratory viruses

Identifiers

PMID34240696
PMCPMC8268652
OpenAlexW3177830280

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.