ReviewImmunotherapy advances2021
Targeting immunometabolism to treat COVID-19.
Review in Immunotherapy advances, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Carbohydrates Metabolic Signatures in Immune Cells: Response to Infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Genome-scale metabolic modeling reveals SARS-CoV-2-induced metabolic changes and antiviral targets.Molecular systems biology · 2021Pooled it
- Next-Generation Redox Mediators: Itaconate, Nitro-Fatty Acids, Reactive Sulfur Species and Succinate as Emerging Switches in Predictive Redox Medicine.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Cis-aconitate therapy protects against influenza mortality by dual targeting of viral polymerase and ERK/AKT/NF-κB signaling.EMBO molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Spatiotemporal profiling of modification-specific proteome secretion uncovers an itaconation-activated tyrosine kinase.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Reprogramming immunity with itaconate: metabolic mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2025Review
- Dissecting inflammation in the immunemetabolomic era.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2025Review
- Itaconate and its derivatives as anti-pathogenic agents.RSC advances · 2025Review
- Metabolic hijacking styles: a review of how viral life cycles dictate glucose metabolism reprogramming.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Review
- LongitudinalViruses · 2024Article
- Itaconate drives mtRNA-mediated type I interferon production through inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase.Nature metabolism · 2024Article
- Immunological factors linked to geographical variation in vaccine responses.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2024Review
- Treating COVID-19: Targeting the Host Response, Not the Virus.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Maintained imbalance of triglycerides, apolipoproteins, energy metabolites and cytokines in long-term COVID-19 syndrome patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in the modulation of hyperinflammation induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection: A perspective for COVID-19 therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Proinflammatory Innate Cytokines and Distinct Metabolomic Signatures Shape the T Cell Response in Active COVID-19.Vaccines · 2022Article
- Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) update: From metabolic reprogramming to immunometabolism.Journal of medical virology · 2022Review
- Immunometabolism: Where Immunology and Metabolism Meet.Journal of innate immunity · 2022Article
- After virus exposure, early bystander naïve CD8 T cell activation relies on NADFrontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Immunotherapy advances: One year on.Immunotherapy advances · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The COVID-19 crisis has emphasised the need for antiviral therapies to combat current and future viral zoonoses. Recent studies have shown that immune cells such as macrophages are the main contributors to the inflammatory response seen in the later inflammatory phase of COVID-19. Immune cells in the context of a viral infection such as SARS-CoV-2 undergo metabolic reprogramming to elicit these pro-inflammatory effector functions. The evidence of metabolic reprogramming in COVID-19 offers opportunities for metabolites with immunomodulatory properties to be investigated as potential therapies to combat this hyper-inflammatory response. Recent research indicates that the metabolite itaconate, previously known to be broadly antibacterial, may have both antiviral and immunomodulatory potential. Furthermore, low itaconate levels have shown to correlate with COVID-19 disease severity, potentially implicating its importance in the disease. The antiviral potential of itaconate has encouraged researchers to synthesise itaconate derivatives for antiviral screening, with some encouraging results. This review summarises the antiviral and immunomodulatory potential of immunometabolic modulators including metformin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists and TEPP-46 as well as itaconate, and its derivatives and their potential use as broad spectrum anti-viral agents.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.