ReviewNeuron2021
Gender bias in academia: A lifetime problem that needs solutions.
Abstract readReview
In one paragraph
Review in Neuron, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 82 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
82citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
82 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Gender equality in education and community pharmacy practice in the Middle East: A systematic review of literature.Medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Peer review perpetuates barriers for historically excluded groups.Nature ecology & evolution · 2023Trial
- Barriers to Women's Leadership in Nursing: A Rapid Evidence Assessment and Proposal for an Integrated Theoretical Framework.Journal of advanced nursing · 2026Review
- Who Agrees to Review a Manuscript inEcology and evolution · 2026Article
- Merit-based Academic Certification in Andrology: A Groundbreaking Initiative by the Global Andrology Forum.The world journal of men's health · 2026Article
- Reaching gender parity and improving internationalisation after five decades of FSBI symposia, but subtle career-stage effects on timekeeping remain.Journal of fish biology · 2026Article
- Gender inequality in academic promotion trajectories in Japan.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Authorship and citation trends in dementia research: A path to equitable career development for scientists.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- A systematic analysis of the gender disparities in oncology journal editorial boards.Research integrity and peer review · 2026Article
- "Proud To Be a Girl": A Mixed Methods Study of Feminist Identification and Beliefs About Feminism in Adolescent Girls.Archives of sexual behavior · 2026Article
- Researcher population pyramids: Tracking demographic and gender trajectories across countries.PNAS nexus · 2026Article
- Structural barriers drive gender inequality across academic careers in Brazilian ecology.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Where the pipeline leaks and delays: gendered academic dynamics in anatomy in Türkiye.BMC medical education · 2026Article
- Professional burnout syndrome in European primary care doctors: A joint call for system-level action between the European Psychiatric Association (EPA) and the World Organization of National Colleges, Academies and Academic Associations of General Practitioners/Family Physicians-Europe Region (WONCA Europe).European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2026Article
- Article
- When Matilda shows up: The double-edged impact of women researchers' media visibility in management science.PloS one · 2026Article
- Girls just wanna have funds: a new Transparent Reporting Scale for evaluating grant data reporting from funding agencies.Frontiers in computational neuroscience · 2026Article
- From brain drain to brain circulation: evidence from women scientists in OWSD Honduras National Chapter.Frontiers in research metrics and analytics · 2026Article
- Unmasking the ethical dimensions of data-sharing in health research: perspectives from researchers at a public university in Uganda.BMC medical ethics · 2025Article
- Research capacity-building of midwives expanding access to safe abortion in the Democratic Republic of Congo: transnational research collaborations with civil society organizations.Global health action · 2025Article
22 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
45 authors.
Anaïs LlorensHelen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. Electronic address: anaisllorens@hotmail.com.
Athina TzovaraHelen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Institute for Computer Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Sleep Wake Epilepsy Center | NeuroTec, Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University Bern, Bern, Switzerland. Electronic address: athina.tz@gmail.com.
Ludovic BellierHelen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Ilina Bhaya-GrossmanDepartment of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Aurélie Bidet-CauletBrain Dynamics and Cognition Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CRNL, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.
William K ChangHelen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Zachariah R CrossCognitive and Systems Neuroscience Research Hub, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
Rosa Dominguez-FausSTEPS Program, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
Adeen FlinkerNYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
Yvonne FonkenHelen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Mark A GorensteinHelen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Chris HoldgrafHelen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; The Berkeley Institute for Data Science, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Colin W HoyHelen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Maria V IvanovaDepartment of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Richard T JimenezHelen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Soyeon JunHelen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Science College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
Julia W Y KamHelen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
Celeste KiddDepartment of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Enitan MarcelleHelen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Deborah MarcianoHelen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Stephanie MartinHelen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
Nicholas E MyersHelen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Experimental Psychology and Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Department of Psychiatry, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Karita OjalaInstitute of Systems Neuroscience, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
Anat PerryDepartment of Psychology, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
Pedro Pinheiro-ChagasLaboratory of Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, Stanford Human, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Stephanie K RièsSchool of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences and Center for Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
Ignacio SaezDepartment of Neurosurgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
Ivan SkelinDepartment of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
Katarina SlamaHelen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Brooke StavelandHelen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Danielle S BassettDepartments of Bioengineering, Electrical & Systems Engineering, Physics & Astronomy, Psychiatry, and Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA.
Elizabeth A BuffaloDepartment of Physiology and Biophysics and School of Medicine, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Adrienne L FairhallDepartment of Physiology and Biophysics and Computational Neuroscience Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
Nancy J KopellDepartment of Mathematics & Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
Laura J KrayHaas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Jack J LinComprehensive Epilepsy Program, Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, Irvine, CA, USA.
Anna C NobreDepartment of Experimental Psychology and Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Department of Psychiatry, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Dylan RileyDepartment of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1980, USA.
Anne-Kristin SolbakkDepartment of Psychology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time and Motion, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neuropsychology, Helgeland Hospital, Mosjøen, Norway.
Joni D WallisHelen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Xiao-Jing WangCenter for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA.
Shlomit Yuval-GreenbergSchool of Psychological Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 6997801 Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.
Sabine KastnerPrinceton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
Robert T KnightHelen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Nina F DronkersDepartment of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
Funding
Washington National Primate Research CenterP51OD010425 · OD · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI Mari Ostendorf · 2012 to 2026
$201.8MProject 5: ComputationalP50MH109429 · NIMH · NATHAN S. KLINE INSTITUTE FOR PSYCH RES · PI Robert Thomas Knight · 2017 to 2026
$25.3MNeural circuit theory and trained recurrent network modeling of rapid learningU19NS107609 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI BUFFALO, ELIZABETH A · 2018 to 2022
$12.6MAttention, Orientation and the Human Prefrontal CortexR01NS021135 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS · PI Robert Thomas Knight · 1985 to 2026
$6.5MFunctions of the Thalamus in Perception and CognitionR01EY017699 · NEI · PRINCETON UNIVERSITY · PI SABINE KASTNER · 2007 to 2026
$6.4MNeuroscience Training Program at UC BerkeleyT32NS095939 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY · PI BATEUP, HELEN S. · 2016 to 2025
$6.3MNeural mechanisms of attentionR01MH064043 · NIMH · PRINCETON UNIVERSITY · PI KASTNER, SABINE, KNIGHT, ROBERT THOMAS · 2002 to 2020
$5.2MATTENTION, ORIENTATION, & THE HUMAN PREFRONTAL CORTEXR37NS021135 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY · PI KNIGHT, ROBERT THOMAS · 2013 to 2019
$3.6MTemporally coordinated activity in the primate hippocampus supporting memory formationR01MH117777 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI BUFFALO, ELIZABETH A · 2018 to 2022
$3.3MNeural Mechanisms of Language Production Decline in Primary Progressive AphasiaR01DC016345 · NIDCD · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY · PI DRONKERS, NINA F. · 2017 to 2022
$2.8MHippocampal-orbitofrontal interactions and reward learningR01MH121448 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY · PI WALLIS, JONI D · 2020 to 2024
$2.3MFrontostriatal Rhythms Underlying Reinforcement Learning.R01MH117763 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY · PI WALLIS, JONI D · 2018 to 2022
$2.3MDepartment of HealthNEI NIH HHS R01 EY017699NIDCD NIH HHS R01 DC016345NIDCD NIH HHS R21 DC016985NIH HHS P51 OD010425NIMH NIH HHS P50 MH109429NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH064043NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH117763NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH117777NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH121448NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS021135NINDS NIH HHS R37 NS021135NINDS NIH HHS R56 NS021135NINDS NIH HHS T32 NS095939NINDS NIH HHS U01 NS108916NINDS NIH HHS U19 NS107609Wellcome TrustWellcome Trust 104571/Z/14/ZWellcome Trust 203139/Z/16/Z
Abstract
Despite increased awareness of the lack of gender equity in academia and a growing number of initiatives to address issues of diversity, change is slow, and inequalities remain. A major source of inequity is gender bias, which has a substantial negative impact on the careers, work-life balance, and mental health of underrepresented groups in science. Here, we argue that gender bias is not a single problem but manifests as a collection of distinct issues that impact researchers' lives. We disentangle these facets and propose concrete solutions that can be adopted by individuals, academic institutions, and society.
Indexed as
Gender EquityResearch PersonnelSexismFemaleHumansMaleResearchUniversities
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.