ReviewCell host & microbe2021
SARS-CoV-2 human T cell epitopes: Adaptive immune response against COVID-19.
Review in Cell host & microbe, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 222 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
222 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 353 citations in OpenAlex.
- Resolving SARS-CoV-2 CD4Cell reports. Medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Trial
- Comparable safety and non-inferior immunogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine candidate PTX-COVID19-B and BNT162b2 in a phase 2 randomized, observer-blinded study.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Immunogenicity and Safety of SpikoGen, an Adjuvanted Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein, as a Heterologous Third Booster Dose in Kidney Transplant Patients: A Single-arm Clinical Trial.Clinical therapeutics · 2022Trial
- Longitudinal Randomized Cohort Study of SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Seroprevalence in the St. Petersburg Population.Viruses · 2022Trial
- Broad cross-T cell immunity between emerging SARS-CoV-2 serotypes waved by spike-signature mutations.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Article
- Extensive evolution and T cell escape by SARS-CoV-2 in a 2.5-year persistent infection of an immunocompromised host.iScience · 2026Article
- Systematic profiling of SARS-CoV-2 structural protein-specific T cell epitopes in Omicron infections following inactivated vaccination.iScience · 2026Article
- Immunodominance is a poor predictor of vaccine-induced T follicular helper cell quality.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Artificial intelligence-enabled multi-scale virtual cell: perspective, challenges, and opportunities.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2026Review
- CEI: A Clonal Expansion Identifier for T-cell receptor clones following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.ArXiv · 2026Article
- Broad and robust T cell immunity compensates the population immune barrier against antibody-escaping Omicron variants.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Proteome-wide curation of experimentally validated HPV T-cell epitopes identifies key gaps in our understanding of cellular immunity to HPV and informs vaccine design.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Structural insights into clonal restriction and diversity in T cell recognition of two immunodominant SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid epitopes.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Characterization of the SARS-CoV-2-Specific T Cell Responses in Rheumatoid Arthritis Subjects Vaccinated for COVID-19 Protection.European journal of immunology · 2025Article
- Immunodominant T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein in Omicron breakthrough infection post-inactivated vaccination.Virulence · 2025Article
- Cross-neutralization of human sera with diverse SARS-CoV-2 omicron exposure histories, 2022-2024: Evidence of immune heterogeneity.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Article
- A One Health approach to bovine coronavirus vaccine development, using LSDV as a live virus vector.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- T-cell responses to highly conserved SARS-CoV-2 epitopes in Hispanic Americans receiving an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
162 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Over the past year, numerous studies in the peer reviewed and preprint literature have reported on the virological, epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. To date, 25 studies have investigated and identified SARS-CoV-2-derived T cell epitopes in humans. Here, we review these recent studies, how they were performed, and their findings. We review how epitopes identified throughout the SARS-CoV2 proteome reveal significant correlation between number of epitopes defined and size of the antigen provenance. We also report additional analysis of SARS-CoV-2 human CD4 and CD8 T cell epitope data compiled from these studies, identifying 1,400 different reported SARS-CoV-2 epitopes and revealing discrete immunodominant regions of the virus and epitopes that are more prevalently recognized. This remarkable breadth of epitope repertoire has implications for vaccine design, cross-reactivity, and immune escape by SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.