ArticleVeterinary medicine and science2021
Sero-prevalence and risk factors of Brucella presence in farm bulk milk from open and zero grazing cattle production systems in Rwanda.
Article in Veterinary medicine and science, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Seroprevalence of Brucellosis in Livestock and Farmers' Choice of Milk Marketing Channels in Rwamagana District, Rwanda.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2025Article
- Seroprevalence and Risk Factors Associated With Brucellosis in Goats in Nyagatare District, Rwanda.Veterinary medicine international · 2025Article
- Brucellosis and One Health: Inherited and Future Challenges.Microorganisms · 2023Review
- Sero-prevalence and risk factors of Brucella presence in farm bulk milk from open and zero grazing cattle production systems in Rwanda.Veterinary medicine and science · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAnimal and human brucelloses have been reported in Rwanda, human brucellosis being linked to drinking inadequately heat-treated milk. However, information on Brucella detection and prevalence in milk produced in Rwanda is limited.
objectivesTo determine the sero-prevalence and risk factors of Brucella in farm bulk milk from zero and open grazing cattle production systems in Rwanda.
methodsA total of 330 farm bulk milk samples were collected from 198 zero grazing farms and 132 open grazing farms in a cross-sectional study in Rwanda. Sero-prevalence of Brucella in milk was analysed using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A questionnaire was administered to farmers to determine the risk factors of milk contamination with Brucella.
resultsAnti-Brucella antibodies were prevalent in 19.7% (95% confidence interval (CI), 15.5-24.4) of the 330 collected farm bulk milk. Sero-prevalence was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in open grazing farms (37.9% [50/132]) than in zero grazing farms (7.6% [15/198]). Practising open grazing system (odds ratio, OR = 69.5; 95% CI = 1.6-3033.6), history of abortion (OR = 19.5; 95% CI = 8.1-46.8) and placenta retention (OR = 4.2; 95% CI = 1.7-10.3) were the significant risk factors for the presence of anti-Brucella antibodies in milk.
conclusionNotably, more than a third of farm bulk milk from open grazing farms in Rwanda contains Brucella antibodies. Considering the zoonotic nature of Brucella, there is a need to reinforce brucellosis control programs in the country.
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