Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34236488›Full record

ArticleLangenbeck's archives of surgery2022

Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the gallbladder: early detection and surgery is key to improved outcome.

Shekhar Gogna, David Samson, Mahir Gachabayov, Aram Rojas, Daniel Moritz Felsenreich, Donna Koo, Katie Gu, Luis Quintero, Kendall Ryan Miller, Asad Azim and 1 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Langenbeck's archives of surgery, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
10citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

10 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Gallbladder neuroendocrine neoplasms: a review.Abdominal radiology (New York) · 2026
    Review
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of Gallbladder: A Case Report.JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association · 2024
    Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Shekhar GognaDepartment of Surgery, Westchester Medical Center/New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.
David SamsonDepartment of Surgery, Westchester Medical Center/New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.
Mahir GachabayovDepartment of Surgery, Westchester Medical Center/New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.
Aram RojasDepartment of Surgery, Westchester Medical Center/New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.
Daniel Moritz FelsenreichDivision of General Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Vienna Medical University, Vienna, Austria.
Donna KooDepartment of Surgery, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.
Katie GuSection of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nuvance Health/University of Vermont, Norwalk, CT, USA.
Luis QuinteroDepartment of Surgery, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.
Kendall Ryan MillerSection of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nuvance Health/University of Vermont, Norwalk, CT, USA.
Asad AzimDepartment of Surgery, Westchester Medical Center/New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.
Xiang Da Eric DongSection of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nuvance Health/University of Vermont, Norwalk, CT, USA. xddong@hotmail.com.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeNeuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) of the gallbladder are very rare. As a result, the classification of pathologic specimens from gallbladder NENs, currently classified as gallbladder neuroendocrine tumors (GB-NETs) and carcinomas (GB-NECs), is inconsistent and makes nomenclature, classification, and management difficult. Our study aims to evaluate the epidemiological trend, tumor biology, and outcomes of GB-NET and GB-NEC over the last 5 decades.

methodsThis is a retrospective analysis of the SEER database from 1973 to 2016. The epidemiological trend was analyzed using the age-adjusted Joinpoint regression analysis. Survival was assessed with Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression was used to assess predictors of poor survival.

resultsA total of 482 patients with GB-NEN were identified. Mean age at diagnosis was 65.2 ± 14.3 years. Females outnumbered males (65.6% vs. 34.4%). The Joinpoint nationwide trend analysis showed a 7% increase per year from 1973 to 2016. The mean survival time after diagnosis of GB-NEN was 37.11 ± 55.3 months. The most common pattern of nodal distribution was N0 (50.2%) followed by N1 (30.9%) and N2 (19.2%). Advanced tumor spread (into the liver, regional, and distant metastasis) was seen in 60.3% of patients. Patients who underwent surgery had a significant survival advantage (111.0 ± 8.3 vs. 8.3 ± 1.2 months, p < 0.01). Cox regression analysis showed advanced age (p < 0.01), tumor stage (P < 0.01), tumor extension (p < 0.01), and histopathologic grade (p < 0.01) were associated with higher mortality.

conclusionGallbladder NENs are a rare histopathological variant of gallbladder cancer that is showing a rising incidence in the USA. In addition to tumor staging, surgical resection significantly impacts patient survival, when patients are able to undergo surgery irrespective of tumor staging. Advanced age, tumor extension, and histopathological grade of the tumor were associated with higher mortality.

Indexed as

Gallbladder NeoplasmsNeuroendocrine TumorsEarly Detection of CancerFemaleGallbladderHumansInfant, NewbornMalePrognosisRetrospective StudiesCarcinoid tumorEpidemiologyGallbladder cancerNeuroendocrine carcinomasNeuroendocrine neoplasmsNeuroendocrine tumors

Identifiers

PMID34236488

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.