ReviewFrontiers in molecular biosciences2021
Moonlighting Proteins: The Case of the Hexokinases.
Review in Frontiers in molecular biosciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase promotes thermotolerance by governing glycolytic flux inbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Review
- Hexokinase expansion in thermophilic snails supports extreme heat tolerance.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Article
- Multilayered control of hexose uptake and phosphorylation through specialized sugar kinases in Nakaseomyces glabratus.Fungal biology and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Myeloid Cell Leukemia 1 and Hexokinase 2 Directly Interact to Form a Glucose Metabolic Regulatory Axis.Cells · 2026Article
- Targeting VDAC1 to protect against mitochondria-linked cell death pathways: apoptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and associated diseases.Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death · 2026Article
- Structural variability of multifunctional proteins indicates frequent stochastic evolution of protein oligomers.Communications biology · 2025Article
- DVL, a Lectin fromAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Article
- Exploring glycolytic enzymes in disease: potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in neurodegeneration, cancer and parasitic infections.Open biology · 2025Review
- Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Molecular Mechanism of Acetic Acid IncreasingJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Moonlighting Proteins: Unveiling Their Multifunctionality in Metabolic Regulation and Drug Discovery.Current drug metabolism · 2025Review
- A tetracycline-inducible Split TurboID system for specific biotinylation and identification of nuclear proteins from HEK293T cells.Turkish journal of biology = Turk biyoloji dergisi · 2025Article
- Bioinformatic insights into sugar signaling pathways in sugarcane growth.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- PI3K-dependent reprogramming of hexokinase isoforms controls glucose metabolism and functional responses of B lymphocytes.iScience · 2024Article
- Iron rescues glucose-mediated photosynthesis repression during lipid accumulation in the green alga Chromochloris zofingiensis.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Binding Affinity Determination in Drug Design: Insights from Lock and Key, Induced Fit, Conformational Selection, and Inhibitor Trapping Models.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- GmHXK2 promotes the salt tolerance of soybean seedlings by mediating AsA synthesis, and auxin synthesis and distribution.BMC plant biology · 2024Article
- The critical roles of three sugar-related proteins (HXK, SnRK1, TOR) in regulating plant growth and stress responses.Horticulture research · 2024Article
- MultifacetedProtDB: a database of human proteins with multiple functions.Nucleic acids research · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Moonlighting proteins are defined as proteins with two or more functions that are unrelated and independent to each other, so that inactivation of one of them should not affect the second one and vice versa. Intriguingly, all the glycolytic enzymes are described as moonlighting proteins in some organisms. Hexokinase (HXK) is a critical enzyme in the glycolytic pathway and displays a wide range of functions in different organisms such as fungi, parasites, mammals, and plants. This review discusses HXKs moonlighting functions in depth since they have a profound impact on the responses to nutritional, environmental, and disease challenges. HXKs' activities can be as diverse as performing metabolic activities, as a gene repressor complexing with other proteins, as protein kinase, as immune receptor and regulating processes like autophagy, programmed cell death or immune system responses. However, most of those functions are particular for some organisms while the most common moonlighting HXK function in several kingdoms is being a glucose sensor. In this review, we also analyze how different regulation mechanisms cause HXK to change its subcellular localization, oligomeric or conformational state, the response to substrate and product concentration, and its interactions with membrane, proteins, or RNA, all of which might impact the HXK moonlighting functions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.