ArticleClinical epidemiology2021
Burden of Respiratory Infection and Tuberculosis Among US States from 1990 to 2019.
Article in Clinical epidemiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review and meta-analysis on diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care C-reactive protein devices for acute respiratory tract infections.Infection · 2026Pooled it
- Epidemiological characteristics of influenza A virus, influenza B virus, respiratory syncytial virus, human rhinovirus, adenovirus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in Henan, China.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- The diagnostic and prognostic value of circulating miR-193b-3p on severe pneumonia.BMC immunology · 2025Article
- Dietary carotenoids and acute respiratory infection in the general US population: NHANES 2003 - 2018.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- Evaluation of pulmonary tuberculosis disease burden in Shenyang, China, 2023.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Article
- Understanding the demographic and socioeconomic determinants of morbidity in Eastern Uganda: a retrospective analysis of the Iganga-Mayuge health and demographic surveillance data.BMJ public health · 2024Article
- Burden and trends of infectious disease mortality attributed to air pollution, unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene, and non-optimal temperature globally and in different socio-demographic index regions.Global health research and policy · 2024Observational
- Review
- Disease burden and high-risk populations for complications in patients with acute respiratory infections: a scoping review.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- How Much Does the United States Spend on Respiratory Diseases?American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo estimate the incidence, death, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and attributable risk factors for respiratory infection and tuberculosis (RIT) in the US from 1990 to 2019.
methodsFollowing the methodology framework and analytical strategies used in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, the incidence, death, DALYs and risk factors of RIT were examined by age, gender and states from 1990 to 2019 in the US. All estimates were calculated as counts, age-standardized rates per 100,000 people and percentage change, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
resultsIn 2019, the age-standardized incidence, death and DALY rates per 100,000 people of RIT were 339,703 (95% CI 303,184 to 382,354), 13.6 (95% CI 12.2 to 14.4) and 384.9 (95% CI 330.6 to 458.6), respectively. Among RIT causes, upper respiratory infection accounted for the large majority of RIT age-standardized incidence rate, while lower respiratory infection constituted the highest proportion of RIT age-standardized death and DALY rates. The age-standardized incidence, death and DALY rates of RIT in 2019 and their temporal trends since 1990 varied widely across states and socio-demographic index. Among all attributable risk factors, smoking was the leading one for age-standardized RIT deaths in 2019, followed by low temperature and alcohol use (the attributable fractions were 17.7%, 15.3% and 6.9%, respectively).
conclusionOur results suggest that RIT remained a major cause of health burden in the US, with large disparities persisting between US states. Intervention efforts for RIT hotspots, high-risk populations and modifiable risk factors are necessary.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.