ArticleJournal of pain research2021
Effects of Proprioceptive and Craniocervical Flexor Training on Static Balance in University Student Smartphone Users with Balance Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Article in Journal of pain research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Proprioception Training and Surrogate Outcomes: A Systematic Review of Definitions, Measures, and Effectiveness Claims.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of specific extensor exercise on balance control in patients with neck pain; a randomized controlled trial.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2026Trial
- Modeling the Posture-Movement Continuum: Predictive Mapping of Spinopelvic Control Across Gait Speeds.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Cervical proprioception, postural control, and pain: unraveling the interconnected challenges in rheumatoid arthritis.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2025Article
- Validity and reliability of the Balance Error Score System (BESS) Thai version in patients with chronic non-specific neck pain.PloS one · 2024Article
- Prevalence of Static Balance Impairment and Associated Factors of University Student Smartphone Users with Subclinical Neck Pain: Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Prevalence and Associated Factors of Clinical Myelopathy Signs in Smartphone-Using University Students with Neck Pain.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Normative data for the balance error scoring system for patients with chronic neck pain.Brazilian journal of physical therapyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeUniversity student smartphone users adopt flexed neck postures during smartphone use, creating an increased compressive load on their neck structures. This study was conducted to compare the effects of proprioceptive and craniocervical flexor training with a control group on static balance in a group of university student smartphone users with balance impairment.
methodsA double-blinded, randomized controlled trial was conducted involving 42 university students (19.67±1.68 years old) with balance impairment. Participants were randomized into a proprioceptive training (ProT) group (n=14), a craniocervical flexor training (CCFT) group (n=14), and a control group (CG; n=14) for a 6-week intervention. The balance error scoring system (BESS), cervical joint position sense (CJPS), craniocervical flexion (CCF) test, and visual analog scale (VAS) for neck pain were evaluated using univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).
resultsAfter 6 weeks of intervention, the ProT group showed significantly greater improvement of CJPS than the CG (p=0.000) and the CCFT group significantly improved of CCF test than CG (p=0.002). Findings, at 4 weeks after intervention, were (i) the ProT group had significantly more improvement in BESS than the CCFT group (p=0.014) and CG (p=0.003), (ii) the ProT group had significantly more improvement of CJPS than the CG (right and left rotate) (p=0.001, p=0.016, respectively) and CCFT group (right rotate) (p=0.004), (iii) the CCFT group had significantly more improvement of craniocervical flexor strength than CG (p=0.004), and (iv) the ProT group and CCFT group had significantly more decreased pain than CG (p=0.015, p=0.033, respectively). No adverse effects occurred during or after training in any group.
conclusionProT is important for regaining static balance and CJPS, while CCFT improved craniocervical flexor strength. Moreover, both ProT and CCFT can reduce neck pain. We recommend performing ProT to improve static balance, CJPS and to reduce neck pain in smartphone users with static balance impairment. CLINICAL TRAIL REGISTRATION NUMBER: TCTR20190909003.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.