ReviewNeuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology2022
Interactions between ventrolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex during learning and behavioural change.
Review in Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The clinical relevance of healthy neurodevelopmental connectivity in childhood and adolescence: a meta-analysis of resting-state fMRI.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Pooled it
- Liraglutide restores impaired associative learning in individuals with obesity.Nature metabolism · 2023Trial
- Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in macaques guides decisions in different learning conditions.Nature communications · 2026Article
- The human dorsal anterior cingulate facilitates acceptance of unfair offers and regulates inequity aversion.PLoS biology · 2026Article
- Active disambiguation guides inferring controllability and cause in social interactions.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Effects of Sanda Sports Training on Cognitive-Motor Control Based on EEG and Heart Rate Sensors: A Coupled ERP and HRV Analysis.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The Impact of Chinese Martial Arts Sanda Training on Cognitive Control and ERP: An EEG Sensors Study.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Chemogenetic inhibition of amygdala to ventrolateral prefrontal cortex communication selectively impacts contingent learning.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Adaptive Reinforcement Learning is causally supported by Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Striatum.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Applications of Behavioral Economics and Neuroeconomics in Mental Health.Iranian journal of psychiatry · 2025Review
- Flight training and the anterior cingulate cortex.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Dissociable Representations of Decision Variables within Subdivisions of the Macaque Orbital and Ventrolateral Frontal Cortex.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2024Article
- Article
- Dissociable representations of decision variables within subdivisions of macaque orbitofrontal and ventrolateral frontal cortex.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Curiosity: primate neural circuits for novelty and information seeking.Nature reviews. Neuroscience · 2024Review
- Resting state network connectivity is associated with cognitive flexibility performance in youth in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.Neuropsychologia · 2023Article
- Lateral orbitofrontal cortex integrates predictive information across multiple cues to guide behavior.Current biology : CB · 2023Article
- Single basolateral amygdala neurons in macaques exhibit distinct connectional motifs with frontal cortex.Neuron · 2023Article
- The role of conflict processing in multisensory perception: behavioural and electroencephalography evidence.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2023Article
- Dorsal raphe neurons signal integrated value during multi-attribute decision-making.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Hypotheses and beliefs guide credit assignment - the process of determining which previous events or actions caused an outcome. Adaptive hypothesis formation and testing are crucial in uncertain and changing environments in which associations and meanings are volatile. Despite primates' abilities to form and test hypotheses, establishing what is causally responsible for the occurrence of particular outcomes remains a fundamental challenge for credit assignment and learning. Hypotheses about what surprises are due to stochasticity inherent in an environment as opposed to real, systematic changes are necessary for identifying the environment's predictive features, but are often hard to test. We review evidence that two highly interconnected frontal cortical regions, anterior cingulate cortex and ventrolateral prefrontal area 47/12o, provide a biological substrate for linking two crucial components of hypothesis-formation and testing: the control of information seeking and credit assignment. Neuroimaging, targeted disruptions, and neurophysiological studies link an anterior cingulate - 47/12o circuit to generation of exploratory behaviour, non-instrumental information seeking, and interpretation of subsequent feedback in the service of credit assignment. Our observations support the idea that information seeking and credit assignment are linked at the level of neural circuits and explain why this circuit is important for ensuring behaviour is flexible and adaptive.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.