ArticleScientific reports2021
Understanding the effect of smoking and drinking behavior on Parkinson's disease risk: a Mendelian randomization study.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Impact of Alcohol Intake on Parkinson's Disease Risk and Progression: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2026Pooled it
- Alcohol Exposure and Disease Associations: A Mendelian Randomization and Meta-Analysis on Weekly Consumption and Problematic Drinking.Nutrients · 2024Pooled it
- Alcohol consumption and its association with cancer, cardiovascular, liver and brain diseases: a systematic review of Mendelian randomization studies.Frontiers in epidemiology · 2024Pooled it
- The effects of nicotine on Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental evidence.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2026Review
- Early alcohol initiation is associated with higher lifetime Parkinson's disease risk after accounting for exposure latency.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- Exercise and smoking: health rivals revealing shared protective mechanisms in Parkinson's?NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2026Review
- Proposed mechanisms of neuroprotection for nicotine in Parkinson's disease.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2025Review
- Liver fibrosis associated with more severe motor deficits in early Parkinson's disease.Clinical neurology and neurosurgery · 2025Article
- Modifiable risk factors associated with the risk of developing Parkinson's disease: a critical review.Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria · 2025Review
- Significance of nicotine and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in Parkinson's disease.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Review
- Joint effect of modifiable risk factors on Parkinson's disease: a large-scale longitudinal study.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2025Article
- Exploring the hub Genes and Potential Mechanisms of Complement system-related Genes in Parkinson Disease: Based on Transcriptome Sequencing and Mendelian Randomization.Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN · 2024Article
- Update: Protective and risk factors for Parkinson disease.Parkinsonism & related disorders · 2024Review
- Epidemiology of Parkinson's Disease: An Update.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2024Review
- Nicotine restores olfactory function by activation of prok2R/Akt/FoxO3a axis in Parkinson's disease.Journal of translational medicine · 2024Article
- Clearing the Smoke: What Protects Smokers from Parkinson's Disease?Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2024Review
- Correlation between dietary factors and Parkinson's disease revealed by the analysis of Mendelian randomization.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Changes in smoking, alcohol consumption, and the risk of Parkinson's disease.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2023Article
- The Interaction between HLA-DRB1 and Smoking in Parkinson's Disease Revisited.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2022Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Previous observational studies have identified correlations between Parkinson's disease (PD) risk and lifestyle factors. However, whether or not those associations are causal remains unclear. To infer causality between PD risk and smoking or alcohol intake, we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization study using genome-wide association study summary statistics from the GWAS & Sequencing Consortium of Alcohol and Nicotine use study (1.2 million participants) and the latest meta-analysis from the International Parkinson's Disease Genomics Consortium (37,688 PD cases and 18,618 proxy-cases). We performed sensitivity analyses, including testing for pleiotropy with MR-Egger and MR-PRESSO, and multivariable MR modeling to account for the genetic effects of competing substance use traits on PD risk. Our results revealed causal associations of alcohol intake (OR 0.79; 95% CI 0.65-0.96; p = 0.021) and smoking continuation (which compares current vs. former smokers) (OR 0.64; 95% CI 0.46-0.89; p = 0.008) with lower PD risk. Multivariable MR analyses showed that the causal association between drinks per week and PD is unlikely due to confounding by smoking behavior. Finally, frailty analyses suggested that the causal effects of both alcohol intake and smoking continuation on PD risk estimated from MR analysis are not explained by the presence of survival bias alone. Our findings support the role of smoking as a protective factor against PD, but only when comparing current vs. former smokers. Similarly, increased alcohol intake had a protective effect over PD risk, with the alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B) locus as a potential candidate for further investigation of the mechanisms underlying this association.
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