ReviewSignal transduction and targeted therapy2021
The signal pathways and treatment of cytokine storm in COVID-19.
Review in Signal transduction and targeted therapy, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 384 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
384 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 591 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Beneficial effects of L-Arginine in patients hospitalized for COVID-19: New insights from a randomized clinical trial.Pharmacological research · 2023Trial
- Comparison of the efficacy of equivalent doses of dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, and hydrocortisone for treatment of COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome: a prospective three-arm randomized clinical trial.Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Nasal administration of anti-CD3 mAb (Foralumab) downregulatesProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Trial
- Human brain matters: Navigating the neuropathology of COVID-19.Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Hypoxic conditions modulate IL-12 and IFN-γ levels as prognostic markers in intracellular infections: a rat model study.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- ROS-responsive nanogels enable inhaled CD24 immunotherapy for selective hyperinflammation suppression in severe pneumonia.Science advances · 2026Article
- Article
- Spatio-controlled sialic acid polymer molecular patterns for selective Siglecs modulation and cytokine storm abrogation.Chemical science · 2026Article
- A multicenter prospective observational multi-omics study protocol to identify biomarkers for severe dengue: COMBAT study clinical protocol.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Observational
- The dual balance of the cytokine network: key messengers of immune activation and triggers of cytokine storm.Biomarker research · 2026Review
- Heat-inactivated Bacillus spores attenuate poly I:C-induced lung inflammation and microbiome alterations through modulation of host immune responses.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- LDLR-OPN Interaction Drives COVID-19 Myocarditis Through Monocyte Recruitment.JACC. Basic to translational science · 2026Article
- Selected Cannabinoids, Cannabimimetic Agents andPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Article
- Inflammatory and Endothelial Dysfunction Biomarkers Predict Severe COVID-19 in Hospitalized Patients: Development of the CCBR Model.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- NLR Inflammasomes in Viral Infections: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Interventions.Viruses · 2026Review
- Nanotechnology-driven STING regulation for on-demand therapy.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Impaired peripheral oxygen delivery during submaximal exercise in adults with long COVID.Physiological reports · 2026Article
324 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become a global crisis and is more devastating than any other previous infectious disease. It has affected a significant proportion of the global population both physically and mentally, and destroyed businesses and societies. Current evidence suggested that immunopathology may be responsible for COVID-19 pathogenesis, including lymphopenia, neutrophilia, dysregulation of monocytes and macrophages, reduced or delayed type I interferon (IFN-I) response, antibody-dependent enhancement, and especially, cytokine storm (CS). The CS is characterized by hyperproduction of an array of pro-inflammatory cytokines and is closely associated with poor prognosis. These excessively secreted pro-inflammatory cytokines initiate different inflammatory signaling pathways via their receptors on immune and tissue cells, resulting in complicated medical symptoms including fever, capillary leak syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multiorgan failure, ultimately leading to death in the most severe cases. Therefore, it is clinically important to understand the initiation and signaling pathways of CS to develop more effective treatment strategies for COVID-19. Herein, we discuss the latest developments in the immunopathological characteristics of COVID-19 and focus on CS including the current research status of the different cytokines involved. We also discuss the induction, function, downstream signaling, and existing and potential interventions for targeting these cytokines or related signal pathways. We believe that a comprehensive understanding of CS in COVID-19 will help to develop better strategies to effectively control immunopathology in this disease and other infectious and inflammatory diseases.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.