ArticleDiabetes care2021
Chronic Kidney Disease Testing Among Primary Care Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Across 24 U.S. Health Care Organizations.
Article in Diabetes care, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 88 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
88 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The Effect of Empagliflozin on Renal Outcomes in Patients With Established Cardiovascular Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Placebo-Controlled Trials.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2026Pooled it
- Underutilization of albuminuria screening in adults with diabetes mellitus or hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC nephrology · 2025Pooled it
- Renoprotective effect of SGLT-2 inhibitors among type 2 diabetes patients with different baseline kidney function: a multi-center study.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2021Pooled it
- Albuminuria Testing in Hypertension and Diabetes: An Individual-Participant Data Meta-Analysis in a Global Consortium.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2021Pooled it
- Optimal Frequency of Urinary Albumin Screening in Type 1 Diabetes.Diabetes care · 2022Trial
- Exploring mHealth potential to improve kidney function: secondary analysis of a randomized trial of diabetes self-care in diverse adults.BMC nephrology · 2022Trial
- Sex Differences in the Cardiovascular Significance of Albuminuria in Type 2 Diabetes: A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Sustained Improvement in Urine Testing Quality Indicator Through an Audit-and-Feedback Intervention in Japanese Primary Care: A Before-and-After Study.Journal of general and family medicine · 2026Article
- Current attitudes of primary care providers toward albuminuria testing in patients with diabetes in the United States.Preventive medicine reports · 2026Article
- Predictive modeling and clinical decision tools for risk stratification in steatotic liver disease.Clinical and molecular hepatology · 2026Review
- Gaps in Guideline-Concordant Care in Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Real-World Analysis of Screening, Treatment, and Associated Factors.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Risk of Hospital Readmission among People with CKD: A Population-Based Cohort Study.Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN · 2026Article
- Association Between Dipstick Hematuria and Elevated Albuminuria in a Hospital-Based Population with Diverse Chronic Conditions.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Refining the Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Staging System for Improved Risk Stratification of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression in Type 2 Diabetes.Circulation reports · 2026Article
- Are your kidneys okay? Detect early to protect kidney health.Kidney research and clinical practice · 2026Article
- Diagnostic Yield of Various Serum Creatinine Testing Frequencies in People at Risk for CKD.Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN · 2026Article
- Chronic kidney disease screening to reduce cardiovascular risk: a call to action.American journal of preventive cardiology · 2026Article
- Definition, Classification, Diagnosis, and Management of an Emerging Threat: Cardio-Renal-Metabolic Syndrome.American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions · 2026Review
- Construction and regional application of an integrated model for early screening and tiered management of chronic kidney disease.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- From Evidence to Action: Advancing Timely Implementation of Triple Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and CKD.Kidney international reports · 2026Review
28 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveClinical guidelines for people with diabetes recommend chronic kidney disease (CKD) testing at least annually using estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR). We aimed to understand CKD testing among people with type 2 diabetes in the U.S. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsElectronic health record data were analyzed from 513,165 adults with type 2 diabetes receiving primary care from 24 health care organizations and 1,164 clinical practice sites. We assessed the percentage of patients with both one or more eGFRs and one or more uACRs and each test individually in the 1, 2, and 3 years ending September 2019 by health care organization and clinical practice site. Elevated albuminuria was defined as uACR ≥30 mg/g.
resultsThe 1-year median testing rate across organizations was 51.6% for both uACR and eGFR, 89.5% for eGFR, and 52.9% for uACR. uACR testing varied (10th-90th percentile) from 44.7 to 63.3% across organizations and from 13.3 to 75.4% across sites. Over 3 years, the median testing rate for uACR across organizations was 73.7%. Overall, the prevalence of detected elevated albuminuria was 15%. The average prevalence of detected elevated albuminuria increased linearly with uACR testing rates at sites, with estimated prevalence of 6%, 15%, and 30% at uACR testing rates of 20%, 50%, and 100%, respectively.
conclusionsWhile eGFR testing rates are uniformly high among people with type 2 diabetes, testing rates for uACR are suboptimal and highly variable across and within the organizations examined. Guideline-recommended uACR testing should increase detection of CKD.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.