ArticleParasites & vectors2021
The seasonal dynamics and biting behavior of potential Anopheles vectors of Plasmodium knowlesi in Palawan, Philippines.
Article in Parasites & vectors, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Landscape Fragmentation Shapes Zoonotic Malaria Spillover Risk During Deforestation.EcoHealth · 2026Article
- Zoonotic malaria in Southeast Asia's changing landscapes: vector complexity, challenges, and future strategies.Parasites & vectors · 2026Review
- Impact of environmental factors on the bionomics ofOne health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Review
- Plasmodium knowlesi and global changes: socio-ecological drivers and challenges.Malaria journal · 2025Review
- Lords of the flies: dipteran migrants are diverse, abundant and ecologically important.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2025Review
- Prevalence of culicine salivary antibodies in non-human primates living in national parks in Thailand.Medical and veterinary entomology · 2025Article
- Plasmodium cynomolgi: potential emergence of new zoonotic malaria in Southeast Asia.Parasites & vectors · 2025Review
- Applying novel Plasmodium Vivax serological exposure markers to quantify residual malaria transmission in the Philippines through repeated health facility surveys: the SMaRT study protocol.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Emerging malaria in Indonesia: An overview ofParasite epidemiology and control · 2025Article
- Review
- Plasmodium knowlesi Infection in Traveler Returning to Canada from the Philippines, 2023.Emerging infectious diseases · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundA small number of human cases of the zoonotic malaria Plasmodium knowlesi have been reported in Palawan Island, the Philippines. Identification of potential vector species and their bionomics is crucial for understanding human exposure risk in this setting. Here, we combined longitudinal surveillance with a trap-evaluation study to address knowledge gaps about the ecology and potential for zoonotic spillover of this macaque malaria in Palawan Island.
methodsThe abundance, diversity and biting behavior of human-biting Anopheles mosquitoes were assessed through monthly outdoor human landing catches (HLC) in three ecotypes representing different land use (forest edge, forest and agricultural area) across 8 months. Additionally, the host preference and biting activity of potential Anopheles vectors were assessed through comparison of their abundance and capture time in traps baited with humans (HLC, human-baited electrocuting net-HEN) or macaques (monkey-baited trap-MBT, monkey-baited electrocuting net-MEN). All female Anopheles mosquitoes were tested for the presence of Plasmodium parasites by PCR.
resultsPreviously incriminated vectors Anopheles balabacensis and An. flavirostris accounted for > 95% of anophelines caught in longitudinal surveillance. However, human biting densities were relatively low (An. balabacensis: 0.34-1.20 per night, An. flavirostris: 0-2 bites per night). Biting densities of An. balabacensis were highest in the forest edge, while An. flavirostris was most abundant in the agricultural area. The abundance of An. balabacensis and An. flavirostris was significantly higher in HLC than in MBT. None of the 357 female Anopheles mosquitoes tested for Plasmodium infection were positive.
conclusionsThe relatively low density and lack of malaria infection in Anopheles mosquitoes sampled here indicates that exposure to P. knowlesi in this setting is considerably lower than in neighboring countries (i.e. Malaysia), where it is now the primary cause of malaria in humans. Although anophelines had lower abundance in MBTs than in HLCs, An. balabacensis and An. flavirostris were caught by both methods, suggesting they could act as bridge vectors between humans and macaques. These species bite primarily outdoors during the early evening, confirming that insecticide-treated nets are unlikely to provide protection against P. knowlesi vectors.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.