ArticleCell reports2021
Microglia enable mature perineuronal nets disassembly upon anesthetic ketamine exposure or 60-Hz light entrainment in the healthy brain.
Article in Cell reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 73 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
73 citing papers in PubMed, 148 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploring neural entrainment and synchrony in response to repeated 60 Hz flickering white light in healthy volunteers.PloS one · 2025Trial
- Lightening the mind with audiovisual stimulation as an accessible alternative to breath-focused meditation for mood and cognitive enhancement.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Ketamine preserves perineuronal nets in chronic stressed mice brain through the inhibition of microglia activation.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2026Article
- Neonatal Sevoflurane Exposure Induces Long-Term Cognitive Impairment via Epigenetically Mediated MMP9 Activation and Perineuronal Net Disruption in the Hippocampal CA2.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Perineuronal Net and Inhibitory Synapse Remodeling on Striatal Fast-Spiking Interneurons by Chronic Alcohol Exposure.Biological psychiatry · 2026Article
- Corticosterone-linked microglial activity underpins sexually dimorphic neuroplasticity after ketamine anesthesia.Science advances · 2026Article
- The Emerging Neurobiology of Psychedelics: Critical Periods, Metaplasticity, and Extracellular Matrix Remodeling.Annual review of neuroscience · 2026Review
- Disruption of psychostimulant-associated memories by single, low dose ketamine in rats.Neuropharmacology · 2026Article
- TNF-α Deficiency Reduces Parvalbumin Neuron Density, Impairs Homeostatic Plasticity, Disrupts Synaptic Excitation-Inhibition Balance, and Prevents Critical Period Closure in the Auditory Cortex.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2026Article
- Ibogaine induces juvenile-like plasticity and modulates functional and structural regulators of plasticity in the adult mouse visual cortex.BMC neuroscience · 2026Article
- Learning as the unifying mechanism of psychedelic action.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2026Review
- Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans in CNS Development and Pathophysiology.Journal of neuroscience research · 2026Review
- Article
- Activity-dependent extracellular proteolytic cascade cleaves the ECM component brevican to promote structural plasticity.EMBO reports · 2026Article
- Brain Extracellular Space: From an Overlooked Dimension to Catalyst of a Novel Neuroscience Paradigm.Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Review
- Midbrain extracellular matrix and microglia are associated with cognition in aging mice.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Perineuronal nets in the developing brain: implications for neurodevelopmental disorders.Molecular brain · 2025Review
- Microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation leads to perineuronal net loss in cocultured neurons.Molecular biology reports · 2025Article
- Review
- MMP-2/9 inhibition modulates sharp wave abundance, inhibitory proteoglycan sulfation, and fear memory in juvenile zebrafish: relevance to affective disorders.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
13 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs), components of the extracellular matrix, preferentially coat parvalbumin-positive interneurons and constrain critical-period plasticity in the adult cerebral cortex. Current strategies to remove PNN are long-lasting, invasive, and trigger neuropsychiatric symptoms. Here, we apply repeated anesthetic ketamine as a method with minimal behavioral effect. We find that this paradigm strongly reduces PNN coating in the healthy adult brain and promotes juvenile-like plasticity. Microglia are critically involved in PNN loss because they engage with parvalbumin-positive neurons in their defined cortical layer. We identify external 60-Hz light-flickering entrainment to recapitulate microglia-mediated PNN removal. Importantly, 40-Hz frequency, which is known to remove amyloid plaques, does not induce PNN loss, suggesting microglia might functionally tune to distinct brain frequencies. Thus, our 60-Hz light-entrainment strategy provides an alternative form of PNN intervention in the healthy adult brain.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.