ArticlemSphere2021
Outer Membrane Vesicles Protect Gram-Negative Bacteria against Host Defense Peptides.
Article in mSphere, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 62 citations in OpenAlex.
- Role of bacterial outer membrane vesicles in immune evasion during infection.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- New insights into outer membrane vesicles in Gram-negative bacteria from biogenesis to applications.Communications biology · 2026Review
- Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in the Strategic Interplay Between Pathogens and Hosts.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Serine protease HtrA promotesScience advances · 2026Article
- A STING-adjuvanted outer membrane vesicle nanoparticle vaccine vs.PNAS nexus · 2026Article
- Antimicrobial peptide resistance in Salmonella AMR: the role of surface binding and lipopolysaccharide remodelling: one health implications.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2026Review
- Secretory phospholipase ACommunications biology · 2025Article
- Gram-Negative Bacteria Across Spatial Scales: A Meta-Analysis of Ant-Associated Bacterial Communities Under Distinct Environmental Conditions.Ecology and evolution · 2025Article
- Population-Level Dynamics and Community-Mediated Resistance to Antimicrobial Peptides.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- STING-adjuvanted outer membrane vesicle nanoparticle vaccine against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.JCI insight · 2025Article
- Extracellular defense of bacteria against antimicrobial peptides.Journal of bacteriology · 2025Review
- Heterogeneous efflux pump expression underpins phenotypic resistance to antimicrobial peptides.eLife · 2025Article
- Forging a New Frontier: Antimicrobial Peptides and Nanotechnology Converging to Conquer Gastrointestinal Pathogens.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2025Review
- A Comprehensive Investigation of Potential Bacterial Pathogens in Largemouth Bass (Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Review
- The Role ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Adaptations of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in Response to Antibiotic Pressure.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Recent Progress in Developing Extracellular Vesicles as Nanovehicles to Deliver Carbohydrate-Based Therapeutics and Vaccines.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Alternatives to antibiotics for sustainable livestock production in the context of the One Health approach: tackling a common foe.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Review
- Immune Responses Elicited by Outer Membrane Vesicles of Gram-Negative Bacteria: Important Players in Vaccine Development.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) are part of the innate immune system and constitute a first line of defense against invading pathogens. They possess antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of pathogens. However, pathogens have been known to adapt to hostile environments. Therefore, the bacterial response to treatment with HDPs was investigated. Previous observations suggested that sublethal concentrations of HDPs increase the release of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) in Escherichia coli. First, the effects of sublethal treatment with HDPs CATH-2, PMAP-36, and LL-37 on OMV release of several Gram-negative bacteria were analyzed. Treatment with PMAP-36 and CATH-2 induced release of OMVs, but treatment with LL-37 did not. The OMVs were further characterized with respect to morphological properties. The HDP-induced OMVs often had disc-like shapes. The beneficial effect of bacterial OMV release was studied by determining the susceptibility of E. coli toward HDPs in the presence of OMVs. The minimal bactericidal concentration was increased in the presence of OMVs. It is concluded that OMV release is a means of bacteria to dispose of HDP-affected membrane. Furthermore, OMVs act as a decoy for HDPs and thereby protect the bacterium.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.