Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34230609›Full record

ReviewBritish journal of cancer2021

Resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced gastro-oesophageal cancers.

Mark A Baxter, Fearghas Middleton, Hannah P Cagney, Russell D Petty

Open access · hybridAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in British journal of cancer, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
45citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
3.5field-weighted citation impact, top 5% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

45 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 52 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Trial
  3. Trial
  4. Trial
  5. Immunochemotherapy response and its association with gut microbiota and immune profiles in advanced gastric cancer.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026
    Article
  6. Article
  7. Review
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Review
  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. Review
  14. Review
  15. Article
  16. RNA NAdvanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025
    Article
  17. Frontiers in immunology · 2025
    Article
  18. Review
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Mark A BaxterDivision of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK. m.z.baxter@dundee.ac.uk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5773-8650
Fearghas MiddletonTayside Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, NHS Tayside, Dundee, UK.
Hannah P CagneySchool of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
Russell D PettyDivision of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK. r.petty@dundee.ac.uk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2055-4572
NHS Tayside · GBUniversity of Dundee · GB

Funding

Cancer Research UK 29637Chief Scientist Office CAF/20/01Chief Scientist Office TCS/19/18
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have altered the treatment paradigm across a range of tumour types, including gastro-oesophageal cancers. For patients with any cancer type who respond, ICIs can confer long-term disease control and significantly improve survival and quality of life, but for patients with gastro-oesophageal cancer, ICIs can be transformative, as durable responses in advanced disease have hitherto been rare, especially in those patients who are resistant to first-line cytotoxic therapies. Results from trials in patients with advanced-stage gastro-oesophageal cancer have raised hopes that ICIs will be successful as adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatments in early-stage disease, when the majority of patients relapse after potential curative treatments, and several trials are ongoing. Unfortunately, however, ICI-responding patients appear to constitute a minority subgroup within gastro-oesophageal cancer, and resistance to ICI therapy (whether primary or acquired) is common. Understanding the biological mechanisms of ICI resistance is a current major research challenge and involves investigation of both tumour and patient-specific factors. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms underlying ICI resistance and their potential specific applications of this knowledge towards precision medicine strategies in the management of gastro-oesophageal cancers in clinical practice.

Indexed as

Drug Resistance, NeoplasmGene Regulatory NetworksChemotherapy, AdjuvantClinical Trials as TopicEsophageal NeoplasmsHumansImmune Checkpoint InhibitorsNeoadjuvant TherapyStomach NeoplasmsImmune Checkpoint Inhibitors

Identifiers

PMID34230609
PMCPMC8505606
OpenAlexW3178232059

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.