ArticleNature communications2021
Lack of consideration of sex and gender in COVID-19 clinical studies.
Article in Nature communications, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 73 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
73 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The concept of intersectionality in bioethics: a systematic review.BMC medical ethics · 2024Pooled it
- Sex, Racial, and Ethnic Representation in COVID-19 Clinical Trials: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA internal medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Demographic reporting across a decade of neuroimaging: a systematic review.Brain imaging and behavior · 2022Pooled it
- Novel genes and sex differences in COVID-19 severity.Human molecular genetics · 2022Pooled it
- Effectiveness of a respiratory rehabilitation program including an inspiration training devicePeerJ · 2023Trial
- Sex-Specific Longitudinal Changes in Metabolic, Endocrine, Renal, Cardiovascular, and Inflammatory Biomarkers of Vaccinated COVID-19 Survivors: 30-Month Follow-Up Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism to investigate sex specific differences.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Why gender and sex matter in infectious disease modelling: A conceptual framework.SSM - population health · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 infection risk by non-healthcare occupations: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of occupational medicine and toxicology (London, England) · 2025Review
- Expanding the women's health paradigm beyond reproductive boundaries.The Indian journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Evaluating Covid-19 publications for sex and gender-specific health content: A bibliometric analysis.PloS one · 2025Article
- Gender-based differences in telomere attrition and long-term respiratory dysfunction in COVID-19 ICU survivors one year post-infection: implications for aging-associated pulmonary decline.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Observational
- Sex-related differences in the association between migraine, COVID-19, and long COVID: a population-based cohort.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- The impact of sex/gender-specific funding and editorial policies on biomedical research outcomes: a cross-national analysis (2000-2021).Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Gender sensitivity of the COVID-19 mental health research in Europe: a scoping review.International journal for equity in health · 2024Article
- COVID-19 and stroke in women: impact on clinical, psychosocial and research aspects.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2024Review
- Menopause symptom prevalence in three post-COVID-19 syndrome clinics in England: A cross-sectional analysis.IJID regions · 2024Article
- Handgrip strength as a prognostic factor for COVID-19 mortality among older adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU): a comparison Alpha (B.1.1.7) and Delta (B.1.617.2) variants.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Methods and Annotated Data Sets Used to Predict the Gender and Age of Twitter Users: Scoping Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2024Article
13 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Sex and gender differences impact the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 mortality. Furthermore, sex differences influence the frequency and severity of pharmacological side effects. A large number of clinical trials to develop new therapeutic approaches and vaccines for COVID-19 are ongoing. We investigated the inclusion of sex and/or gender in COVID-19 studies on ClinicalTrials.gov, collecting data for the period January 1, 2020 to January 26, 2021. Here, we show that of the 4,420 registered SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 studies, 935 (21.2%) address sex/gender solely in the context of recruitment, 237 (5.4%) plan sex-matched or representative samples or emphasized sex/gender reporting, and only 178 (4%) explicitly report a plan to include sex/gender as an analytical variable. Just eight (17.8%) of the 45 COVID-19 related clinical trials published in scientific journals until December 15, 2020 report sex-disaggregated results or subgroup analyses.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.