ArticleAging2021
Sex differences in genetic and environmental influences on frailty and its relation to body mass index and education.
Article in Aging, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Large-scale genome-wide analyses with proteomics integration reveal novel loci and biological insights into frailty.Nature aging · 2025Pooled it
- A Longitudinal Study of the Bidirectional Temporal Dynamics Between Body Mass Index and Biological Aging.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2025Article
- Digital home-based multimodal prehabilitation of colorectal cancer patients prior to surgery (the dHOPE study): a non-inferiority clinical trial protocol.Frontiers in digital health · 2025Article
- A Genetically Informed Study of Digital screen time, Video game play, and Impulsivity in Established Adulthood.Computers in human behavior · 2024Article
- Secular trends in frailty among community-dwelling 75-95-year-old cohorts over three decades in Helsinki, Finland.Age and ageing · 2024Article
- Midlife cumulative deficit frailty predicts Alzheimer's disease-related plasma biomarkers in older adults.Age and ageing · 2024Article
- Mendelian randomization shows causal effects of birth weight and childhood body mass index on the risk of frailty.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Frailty and Processing Speed Performance at the Cusp of Midlife in CATSLife.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2023Article
- Unraveling the metabolic underpinnings of frailty using multicohort observational and Mendelian randomization analyses.Aging cell · 2023Observational
- Genetic and Environmental Influences on Longitudinal Frailty Trajectories From Adulthood into Old Age.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2023Article
- Translation and validation of the Chinese version of the Japan Frailty Scale.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Article
- Characterization by Gender of Frailty Syndrome in Elderly People according to Frail Trait Scale and Fried Frailty Phenotype.Journal of personalized medicine · 2022Article
- The association between chronic heart failure and frailty index: A study based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2018.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2022Article
- Frailty and Associated Factors among Chinese Centenarians.The journal of nutrition, health & aging · 2022Article
- Frailty and the risk of dementia: is the association explained by shared environmental and genetic factors?BMC medicine · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Frailty is influenced by numerous genetic and environmental factors. However, sex differences in how these factors affect frailty, and the gene-environment interplay among frailty and two of its well-established risk factors, unhealthy body mass index (BMI) and low education, are less clear. In a large sample of 42,994 Swedish twins, we used structural equation models to estimate the genetic (heritability) and environmental sources of variance in frailty, defined as the frailty index (FI), separately in men and women. Genetic and individual-specific environmental factors contributed approximately equally to the FI variance. The heritability of FI was slightly, but significantly, higher in women (52%) than in men (45%), yet we found only weak-to-no indication of different sources of genetic variance influencing frailty across sexes. We observed a small-to-moderate genetic overlap between FI and BMI, and that the correlation between FI and education was largely explained by environmental factors common to twins in a pair. Additionally, genetic factors accounted for more of FI variation at both low and high BMI levels, with similar patterns in both sexes. In conclusion, the twin-based heritability of frailty is higher in women than in men, and different mechanisms may underlie the associations of frailty with BMI and education.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.