Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34229738›Full record

ArticleGenome biology2021

Integration of metabolomics, genomics, and immune phenotypes reveals the causal roles of metabolites in disease.

Xiaojing Chu, Martin Jaeger, Joep Beumer, Olivier B Bakker, Raul Aguirre-Gamboa, Marije Oosting, Sanne P Smeekens, Simone Moorlag, Vera P Mourits, Valerie A C M Koeken and 23 more

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Genome biology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
45citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
4.0field-weighted citation impact, top 5% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

45 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 67 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Review
  5. AnGenes · 2026
    Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Multi-omics Data Integration.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026
    Review
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  20. Mechanisms of sepsis-induced acute liver injury: a comprehensive review.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

33 authors at 8 institutions in 4 countries.

Xiaojing Chu *Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700, RB, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Martin Jaeger *Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, HP, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Joep BeumerOncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584, CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Olivier B BakkerDepartment of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700, RB, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Raul Aguirre-GamboaDepartment of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700, RB, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Marije OostingDepartment of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, HP, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Sanne P SmeekensDepartment of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, HP, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Simone MoorlagDepartment of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, HP, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Vera P MouritsDepartment of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, HP, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Valerie A C M KoekenDepartment of Computational Biology for Individualised Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, CiiM, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.
Charlotte de BreeDepartment of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, HP, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Trees JansenDepartment of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, HP, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Ian T MathewsDepartments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
Khoi DaoDepartments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
Mahan NajhawanDepartments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
Jeramie D WatrousDepartments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
Irma JoostenDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Sonia SharmaLa Jolla Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Hans J P M KoenenDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Sebo WithoffDepartment of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700, RB, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Iris H JonkersDepartment of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700, RB, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Romana T Netea-MaierDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, HP, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Ramnik J XavierBroad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
Lude FrankeDepartment of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700, RB, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Cheng-Jian XuDepartment of Computational Biology for Individualised Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, CiiM, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.
Leo A B JoostenDepartment of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, HP, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
Serena SannaDepartment of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700, RB, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Mohit JainDepartments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
Vinod KumarDepartment of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700, RB, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Hans CleversOncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584, CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Cisca Wijmenga *Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700, RB, Groningen, the Netherlands. c.wijmenga@umcg.nl.
Mihai G Netea *Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, HP, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. Mihai.Netea@radboudumc.nl.
Yang Li *Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700, RB, Groningen, the Netherlands. Yang.Li@helmholtz-hzi.de.ORCID 0000-0003-4022-7341
Radboud University Nijmegen · NLUniversity Medical Center Groningen · NLUniversity of California San Diego · USLa Jolla Institute for Immunology · USRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences · NLBroad Institute · USOslo University Hospital · NOUniversity of Bonn · DE

Funding

Pilot & Feasibility ProgramP30DK043351 · NIDDK · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI Curtis Huttenhower · 1991 to 2026
$35.3M
GRADUATE TRAINING IN CELLULAR &MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGYT32GM007752 · NIGMS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI BROWN, JOAN HELLER, HANDEL, TRACY M · 1985 to 2023
$13.5M
Bioactive Metabolites Modulate Immune-Related Adverse Events in Cancer ImmunotherapyR01CA256133 · NCI · LA JOLLA INSTITUTE FOR IMMUNOLOGY · PI DENNIS, EDWARD A, SHARMA, SONIA · 2021 to 2025
$3.5M
Functional characterization of CARD9 genetic variants in fungal immunityR01AI137325 · NIAID · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI XAVIER, RAMNIK J · 2018 to 2022
$3.5M
Mapping the Plasma Exposome and its Association with Human Cardiovascular DiseaseR01ES027595 · NIEHS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI JAIN, MOHIT · 2017 to 2021
$3.3M
Identification and characterization of gut microbial bioactive molecules that determine predisposition to autoimmune disease and atopyR01AT009708 · NCCIH · HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL · PI CLARDY, JON, XAVIER, RAMNIK J · 2017 to 2021
$3.3M
Targeting tumor endothelium for cancer surveillance and immunotherapyR01CA199376 · NCI · LA JOLLA INSTITUTE FOR IMMUNOLOGY · PI SHARMA, SONIA · 2015 to 2019
$2.0M
Microbial contributions to the host metabolomeK01DK116917 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI WATROUS, JERAMIE DEAN · 2018 to 2021
$648k
RapidFire mass spectrometry systemS10OD020025 · OD · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI JAIN, MOHIT · 2015 to 2015
$600k
Small Molecule Metabolites as Predictors and Mediators of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor ResponseF31CA236405 · NCI · LA JOLLA INSTITUTE FOR IMMUNOLOGY · PI MATHEWS, IAN T. · 2019 to 2020
$68k
European Research Council 833247NCCIH NIH HHS R01 AT009708NCI NIH HHS F31 CA236405NCI NIH HHS R01 CA199376NCI NIH HHS R01 CA256133NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI137325NIDDK NIH HHS K01 DK116917NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK043351NIEHS NIH HHS R01 ES027595NIGMS NIH HHS T32 GM007752NIH HHS S10 OD020025
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundRecent studies highlight the role of metabolites in immune diseases, but it remains unknown how much of this effect is driven by genetic and non-genetic host factors.

resultWe systematically investigate circulating metabolites in a cohort of 500 healthy subjects (500FG) in whom immune function and activity are deeply measured and whose genetics are profiled. Our data reveal that several major metabolic pathways, including the alanine/glutamate pathway and the arachidonic acid pathway, have a strong impact on cytokine production in response to ex vivo stimulation. We also examine the genetic regulation of metabolites associated with immune phenotypes through genome-wide association analysis and identify 29 significant loci, including eight novel independent loci. Of these, one locus (rs174584-FADS2) associated with arachidonic acid metabolism is causally associated with Crohn's disease, suggesting it is a potential therapeutic target.

conclusionThis study provides a comprehensive map of the integration between the blood metabolome and immune phenotypes, reveals novel genetic factors that regulate blood metabolite concentrations, and proposes an integrative approach for identifying new disease treatment targets.

Indexed as

PhenotypeQuantitative Trait LociAdolescentAdultAgedAlanineArachidonic AcidCohort StudiesFemaleGenome-Wide Association StudyGenomicsGlutamic AcidHealthy VolunteersHumansImmunity, InnateMaleAlanineArachidonic AcidGlutamic AcidGenomicsImmune phenotypesIntegrative analysisMetabolomics

Identifiers

PMID34229738
PMCPMC8259168
OpenAlexW3180751330

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.