ArticleNeuron2021
Psilocybin induces rapid and persistent growth of dendritic spines in frontal cortex in vivo.
Article in Neuron, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07306364 (Psilocybin in Chronic Low Back Pain), which is not on this map. Cited by 341 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Psilocybin in Chronic Low Back Pain: An Integrative Study of Lab-Based Mechanisms and Real-World Physical Therapy Outcomes
Who cites it
341 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 547 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Use of Psychedelics in the Treatment of Adult ADHD: A Systematic and Mechanistic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of psychoplastogens on blood levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Impact of psilocybin on cognitive function: A systematic review.Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2024Pooled it
- Substance use and spine density: a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies.Molecular psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Psilocybin therapy for mood dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: an open-label pilot trial.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2025Trial
- Serotonin 1B receptors expressed on forebrain excitatory neurons mediate the post-acute anxiolytic response to psilocybin in mice.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- 5-HTNature neuroscience · 2026Article
- Ayahuasca Impairs Fear Memory Reconsolidation and Promotes Rapid Structural Plasticity in the Hippocampus and Prelimbic Cortex.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Enhancing cGMP signaling with psilocybin reduces head twitch and restructures the synaptic proteome while maintaining antidepressant response.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Psychedelics and disorders of consciousness: a new frontier in neurotherapeutics.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Review
- Mescaline Alters Cerebellar Function, Global Connectivity, and Frequency-Selective Acoustic Gating: A BOLD fMRI Study in Awake Rats.Neuroscience bulletin · 2026Article
- Cellular and molecular coding of habit-driven behavior in the dorsal raphe nucleus.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Psilocybin produces amplified acute responses and sex-specific long-term increases in sensorimotor gating in the mGlu5 knockout mouse model of schizophrenia.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Single ayahuasca administration mitigates long-term behavioral and neurochemical effects of early-life stress in rats.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Article
- Psilocybin restores social novelty investigation in male SAPAP3 knockout mice and engages prefrontal-hippocampal circuitry.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Psilocybin, From Ancestral Use to Therapeutic Potential: A Multidimensional Review of Its Pharmacological Basis and Current Perspectives.Human psychopharmacology · 2026Review
- Development of a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Model of Psilocybin/Psilocin from Psilocybe cubensis (Magic Mushroom) in Treatment-Resistant Depression.European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics · 2026Article
- Psilocybin enhances sociability only in altered behavioural state and does not need an awake experience to be effective.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Psychedelics and astrocytes: a hypothesis-driven perspective on neuro-glial integration, network plasticity, and neuroimmune reprogramming.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Review
- Role of β-Arrestin2 Signaling in Neuropharmacological Effects of Psychedelic Drugs.ACS chemical neuroscience · 2026Article
281 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Psilocybin is a serotonergic psychedelic with untapped therapeutic potential. There are hints that the use of psychedelics can produce neural adaptations, although the extent and timescale of the impact in a mammalian brain are unknown. In this study, we used chronic two-photon microscopy to image longitudinally the apical dendritic spines of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the mouse medial frontal cortex. We found that a single dose of psilocybin led to ∼10% increases in spine size and density, driven by an elevated spine formation rate. The structural remodeling occurred quickly within 24 h and was persistent 1 month later. Psilocybin also ameliorated stress-related behavioral deficit and elevated excitatory neurotransmission. Overall, the results demonstrate that psilocybin-evoked synaptic rewiring in the cortex is fast and enduring, potentially providing a structural trace for long-term integration of experiences and lasting beneficial actions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.