ReviewEmerging microbes & infections2021
Restoration of a functional antiviral immune response to chronic HBV infection by reducing viral antigen load: if not sufficient, is it necessary?
Review in Emerging microbes & infections, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- The multifaceted landscape of T cell exhaustion in organ transplantation: From molecular mechanisms (epigenetics, transcription, metabolism) to induction strategies.Genes & diseases · 2026Review
- Research Progress on Mechanisms of Immune Tolerance Induced by Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Chronic HBV Infection.Journal of immunology research · 2026Review
- Phenotypic characterization of mucosal-associated invariant T cells in visceral leishmaniasis and HIV co-infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Emerging antiviral drugs and immunotherapy for chronic hepatitis B and associated liver disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Antiviral and immune modulatory activities of STING agonists in a mouse model of persistent hepatitis B virus infection.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- HBV capsid assembly modulators differentially modulate the assembly of wild-type and drug-resistant core protein chimeric nucleocapsids and empty capsids.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- High antigen burden drives CD8+ T cell dysfunction in a mouse model of chronic hepatitis B virus infection.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Targeting HBV with RNA interference: Paths to cure.Science translational medicine · 2025Review
- HBV-specific T-cell function is nonenhanced by tenofovir-induced decline in HBV viremia or HBsAg titer in chronic hepatitis B.Hepatology communications · 2025Article
- Article
- An allosteric inhibitor of sirtuin 2 blocks hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA establishment and its transcriptional activity.Antiviral research · 2024Article
- [Research progress on the role of hepatitis B virus DNA integration in chronic hepatitis B].Zhonghua gan zang bing za zhi = Zhonghua ganzangbing zazhi = Chinese journal of hepatology · 2024Review
- Predictors of HBsAg seroclearance in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B patients treated with nucleotide analogs plus polyethylene glycol interferon.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- A Particle Gel Assay for Detection of Intracellular Hepatitis B Virus Subviral Particles in Cultured Cells.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2024Article
- Sustained Liver HBsAg Loss and Clonal T- and B-Cell Expansion upon Therapeutic DNA Vaccination Require Low HBsAg Levels.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Metabolic interventions improve HBV envelope-specific T-cell responses in patients with chronic hepatitis B.Hepatology international · 2023Article
- [A conceptual framework for dynamics of cccDNA in hepatitis B virus].Zhonghua gan zang bing za zhi = Zhonghua ganzangbing zazhi = Chinese journal of hepatology · 2023Article
- Depleting hepatitis B virus relaxed circular DNA is necessary for resolution of infection by CRISPR-Cas9.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2023Article
- [Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides: the certain but limited efficacy and the uncovering mechanisms for the cure of chronic hepatitis B].Zhonghua gan zang bing za zhi = Zhonghua ganzangbing zazhi = Chinese journal of hepatology · 2023Article
- Lamivudine 24-month-long prophylaxis is a safe and efficient choice for the prevention of hepatitis B virus reactivation in HBsAg-negative/HBcAb-positive patients with advanced DLBCL undergoing upfront R-CHOP-21.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The prolonged viral antigen stimulation is the driving force for the development of immune tolerance to chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The sustained reduction of viral proteins may allow for the recovery and efficient activation of HBV-specific T and B cells by immune-stimulating agents, checkpoint blockades and/or therapeutic vaccinations. Recently, several therapeutic approaches have been shown to significantly reduce intrahepatic viral proteins and/or circulating HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) with variable impacts on the host antiviral immune responses in animal models or human clinical trials. It remains to be further investigated whether reduction of viral protein expression or induction of intrahepatic viral protein degradation is more efficacious to break the immune tolerance to chronic HBV infection. It is also of great interest to know if the accelerated clearance of circulating HBsAg by antibodies has a long-term immunological impact on HBV infection and disease progression. Although it is clear that removal of antigen stimulation alone is not sufficient to induce the functional recovery of exhausted T and B cells, accumulating evidence suggests that the reduction of viral antigen load appears to facilitate the therapeutic activation of functional antiviral immunity in chronic HBV carriers. Based on a systematic review of the findings in animal models and clinical studies, the research directions toward discovery and development of more efficacious therapeutic approaches to reinvigorate HBV-specific adaptive immune function and achieve the durable control of chronic HBV infection, i.e. a functional cure, in the vast majority of treated patients are discussed.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.