ArticleFrontiers in endocrinology2021
Testosterone Deficiency Is a Risk Factor for Severe COVID-19.
Article in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Andrological effects of SARS-Cov-2 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2022Pooled it
- Age-Dependent Relationships Between Disease Risk and Testosterone Levels: Relevance to COVID-19 Disease.American journal of men's healthPooled it
- Effect of Androgen Suppression on Clinical Outcomes in Hospitalized Men With COVID-19: The HITCH Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2022Trial
- Testicular endocrine function recovers following Fournier's gangrene.American journal of clinical and experimental urology · 2026Article
- Sex Steroids in COVID-19 Patients with Hypertension: An Exploratory Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Long-Term Testosterone Shows Cardiovascular Safety in Men With Testosterone Deficiency in Electronic Health Records.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2025Article
- Integrative Transcriptomic and Network Pharmacology Analysis Reveals Key Targets and Mechanisms ofPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Cancer disrupts sex hormone-inflammation relationships: Analysis of ALI in males from NHANES 2007-2018.PloS one · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 exploits steroidogenic machinery, triggers lipid metabolism for viral replication and induces immune response in Leydig cells of K18-hACE2 mice.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Effect of Pituitary-Target Gland Axis on RAAS in the Context of COVID-19.International journal of medical sciences · 2025Review
- Testosterone and estradiol reduce inflammation of human macrophages induced by anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG.European journal of immunology · 2024Article
- Article
- SARS-CoV-2 and male infertility: from short- to long-term impacts.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2023Review
- The Complex Interplay between Serum Testosterone and the Clinical Course of Coronavirus Disease 19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review of Clinical and Preclinical Evidence.The world journal of men's health · 2023Review
- Acute and post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a review of risk factors and social determinants.Virology journal · 2023Review
- Renin-Angiotensin System and Sex Differences in COVID-19: A Critical Assessment.Circulation research · 2023Review
- Article
- SARS-CoV-2, fertility and assisted reproduction.Human reproduction update · 2023Review
- Updates in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 infection in male reproductive and sexual health: a literature review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Male sex is related to increased COVID-19 severity and fatality although confirmed infections are similarly distributed between men and women. The aim of this retrospective analysis was to investigate the impact of sex hormones on disease progression and immune activation in men with COVID-19. Patients and Methods: We studied for effects of sex hormones on disease severity and immune activation in 377 patients (230 men, 147 women) with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections hospitalized at the Innsbruck University Hospital between February and December 2020. Results: Men had more severe COVID-19 with concomitant higher immune system activation upon hospital admission when compared to women. Men with a severe course of infection had lower serum total testosterone (tT) levels whereas luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol (E Conclusion: Hospitalized men with COVID-19 present with rather low testosterone levels linked to more advanced immune activation, severe clinical manifestations translating into an increased risk for ICU admission or death. The underlying mechanisms remain elusive but may include infection driven hypogonadism as well as inflammation mediated cholesterol reduction causing gonadotropin suppression and impaired androgen formation. Finally, in elderly late onset hypogonadism might also contribute to lower testosterone levels.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.