ReviewNature reviews. Rheumatology2021
Lyme arthritis: linking infection, inflammation and autoimmunity.
Review in Nature reviews. Rheumatology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 86 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
86 citing papers in PubMed, 134 citations in OpenAlex.
- A second yearly booster dose of the VLA15 Lyme borreliosis vaccine candidate in healthy individuals.Nature communications · 2026Trial
- Mostly getting along -Borrelia burgdorferi and its manipulation of the host immune system.ImmunoHorizons · 2026Review
- Lessons Unlearned: The Barriers to Lyme Borreliosis Vaccination and the Risk of Repeating History.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Clinical Features and Outcomes of Pediatric Lyme Arthritis in Europe: A Large Swiss Cohort Study.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Artemisinin derivative SM934 targets α-enolase to inhibit PEP-mediated TAK1 stabilization and inflammation.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Article
- Spatial Transcriptomic Profiling Reveals Microenvironment-Dependent Immune Signatures in a Lyme Arthritis model.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Transosseous Endoscopy for Bone Grafting of Proximal Tibial Bone Cysts.Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global research & reviews · 2026Article
- Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato Employs Several Escape Mechanisms to Bypass the Human Defense System.European journal of immunology · 2026Review
- Infection-Triggered Immune Dysregulation and Immunopathology in Lyme Disease: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- In Silico-Identified Peptides of FiveBiology · 2026Article
- Lyme borreliosis.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2026Review
- Pilot study of psilocybin in patients with post-treatment lyme disease.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Single-cell immunophenotyping identifies CD8+GZMK+IFNG+ T cells as a key immune population in cutaneous Lyme disease.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Peptidoglycan architecture dictates protein interactions, tissue tropism, and arthritis in the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- The immune system as a regulator of normal physiology.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- From forest floor to doctor's office: the immunological journey ofFrontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- Role of dual specificity phosphatase 1 in influencing inflammatory pathways in macrophages modulated byFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Regulatory roles of intestinal CD4Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Comparative Genomics of Two Newly Sequenced Rodent-Derived and One Previously Reported Tick-DerivedPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
26 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Infectious agents can trigger autoimmune responses in a number of chronic inflammatory diseases. Lyme arthritis, which is caused by the tick-transmitted spirochaete Borrelia burgdorferi, is effectively treated in most patients with antibiotic therapy; however, in a subset of patients, arthritis can persist and worsen after the spirochaete has been killed (known as post-infectious Lyme arthritis). This Review details the current understanding of the pathogenetic events in Lyme arthritis, from initial infection in the skin, through infection of the joints, to post-infectious chronic inflammatory arthritis. The central feature of post-infectious Lyme arthritis is an excessive, dysregulated pro-inflammatory immune response during the infection phase that persists into the post-infectious period. This response is characterized by high amounts of IFNγ and inadequate amounts of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. The consequences of this dysregulated pro-inflammatory response in the synovium include impaired tissue repair, vascular damage, autoimmune and cytotoxic processes, and fibroblast proliferation and fibrosis. These synovial characteristics are similar to those in other chronic inflammatory arthritides, including rheumatoid arthritis. Thus, post-infectious Lyme arthritis provides a model for other chronic autoimmune or autoinflammatory arthritides in which complex immune responses can be triggered and shaped by an infectious agent in concert with host genetic factors.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.