ArticleScientific reports2021
Prevalence of strabismus and its risk factors among school aged children: The Hong Kong Children Eye Study.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Large-scale GWAS of strabismus identifies risk loci and provides support for a link with maternal smoking.Nature communications · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Gender differences in horizontal strabismus: Systematic review and meta-analysis shows no difference in prevalence, but gender bias towards females in the clinic.Journal of global health · 2023Pooled it
- The global prevalence of horizontal strabismus: A systematic review and meta-analysis with a focus on ethnic variation.Survey of ophthalmologyPooled it
- Trial
- Study of strabismus in young Singaporean males.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Article
- A Shared Genetic Basis Underlying Myopia-Exotropia Comorbidity.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Profiling of ocular surface microbiome and its ocular types in children and adolescents.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Utilizing deep learning from mobile phone photos for early detection of horizontal strabismus: a screening approach.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Clinical profile and associated sociodemographic factors of newly diagnosed strabismus presenting to a tertiary care center in India.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2026Observational
- Distribution of refractive errors and horizontal concomitant strabismus in Iraqi children.PloS one · 2026Article
- Ophthalmic Implications of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Article
- Maternal diabetes mellitus during pregnancy as a risk factor for strabismus and refractive errors in the offspring-A large-scale national study.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2026Article
- Prevalence of heterophoria, tropia, and near point of convergence abnormality in a high school student population in Erbil city center.International journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- The impact of surgical intervention on the psychosocial health and quality of life of children with strabismus.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- A Latent Profile Analysis of Psychological Adaptation Among Caregivers of Children with Strabismus: A Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2026Article
- Clinical factors associated with impaired near stereoacuity in children and adolescents with intermittent exotropia.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- Visual motor integration, visual perception and motor coordination in children with horizontal strabismus.International journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- The global prevalence of horizontal strabismus: a systematic review and meta-analysis with a focus on ethnic variation.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Reconceptualizing Pediatric Strabismus as a Condition Rooted in Sensory Processing Disorder: A Novel Case-Based Hypothesis.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The study aims to determine the prevalence of strabismus and its risk factors among school children in Hong Kong. This is a cross-sectional study involving 6-8 year old children from different districts in Hong Kong. 4273 children received comprehensive ophthalmological examination, cycloplegic auto-refraction, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), anterior segment examination, cover/uncover test, ocular motility, and fundus examination. Demographic information, pre- and post- natal background, parental smoking status, and family history of strabismus were obtained through questionnaires. Strabismus was found among 133 children (3.11%, 95% CI 2.59-3.63%), including 117 (2.74%) exotropia and 12 (0.28%) esotropia cases (exotropia-esotropia ratio: 9.75:1). There was no significant difference in prevalence across age (6-8 years) and gender. Multivariate analysis revealed associations of strabismus with myopia (≤ - 1.00D; OR 1.61; 95% CI 1.03-2.52; P = 0.037) hyperopia (≥ + 2.00D; OR 2.49; 95% CI 1.42-4.39; P = 0.002), astigmatism (≥ + 2.00D; OR 2.32; 95% CI 1.36-3.94; P = 0.002), and anisometropia (≥ 2.00D; OR 3.21; 95% CI 1.36-7.55; P = 0.008). Other risk factors for strabismus included maternal smoking during pregnancy (OR 4.21; 95% CI 1.80-9.81; P = 0.001), family history of strabismus (OR 6.36; 95% CI 2.78-14.50, P < 0.0001) and advanced maternal age at childbirth (> 35 years; OR 1.65; CI 1.09-2.49, P = 0.018). The prevalence of strabismus among children aged 6-8 years in Hong Kong is 3.11%. Refractive errors, family history of strabismus and maternal smoking history during pregnancy are risk factors. Early correction of refractive errors and avoidance of maternal smoking during pregnancy are potentially helpful in preventing strabismus.
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