ArticleGut2022
Proton pump inhibitors and risk of gastric cancer: population-based cohort study.
Article in Gut, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 132 citations in OpenAlex.
- Asian Pacific Association of Gastroenterology task force recommendations on surveillance forGut · 2026Guideline
- Proton pump inhibitors and the risk of gastric cancer: a systematic review, evidence synthesis and life course epidemiology perspective.BMJ open gastroenterology · 2025Pooled it
- Association of proton pump inhibitors with gastric and colorectal cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- An Up-To-Date Investigation Into the Correlation Between Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and the Clinical Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Advanced Solid Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Pooled it
- Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with reduced risk of Barrett's esophagus: a meta-analysis and systematic review.BMC gastroenterology · 2021Pooled it
- Association between questionnaire-based and accelerometer-based physical activity and the incidence of psychiatric disorders in people with loneliness or social isolation: findings from the UK Biobank.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Long-Term Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and Gastric Cancer Risk: Interpreting Population-Based Evidence.Gut and liver · 2026Article
- Proton Pump Inhibitors and Gastric Cancer: A Large-Scale Propensity Score-Matched Analysis.Gut and liver · 2026Article
- Gastric Microbiota Dysbiosis and Microbiome-Based Interventions in Chronic Atrophic Gastritis.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Patients' perception of proton pump inhibitors use and their risks.World journal of clinical oncology · 2026Article
- Association of Proton Pump Inhibitor Use with Cancer in Patients Undergoing Maintenance Hemodialysis: A Population-Based Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Anwei decoction alleviates chronic atrophic gastritis by modulating the gut microbiota-metabolite axis andWorld journal of gastroenterology · 2026Article
- Association between proton pump inhibitor use and upper gastrointestinal cancer: A matched case-control study accounting for reverse causation and confounding by indication.PLoS medicine · 2026Article
- Proton pump inhibitor increases intestinal epithelial paracellular permeability via the p38-MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway.Molecular biology reports · 2025Article
- Tackling Post-Endoscopy Gastric Cancer in a Low-Risk Area: Prevalence, Features, and Prevention Opportunities Through Better Clinical Practice.United European gastroenterology journal · 2025Observational
- Clinicopathological Profiles and Survival Outcomes of Patients with Gastric Cancer According to the Borrmann Endoscopic Classification: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Clinical, Endoscopic and Histologic Differences in Gastric Mucosa Between Younger and Older Adults: An Observational Study on the Aging Stomach.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Observational
- Inflammatory diseases and risk of lung cancer among individuals who have never smoked.Nature communications · 2025Article
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo determine whether new users of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are at an increased risk of gastric cancer compared with new users of histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs).
designUsing the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink, we conducted a population-based cohort study using a new-user active comparator design. From 1 January 1990 to 30 April 2018, we identified 973 281 new users of PPIs and 193 306 new users of H2RAs. Cox proportional hazards models were fit to estimate HRs and 95% CIs of gastric cancer, and the number needed to harm was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The models were weighted using standardised mortality ratio weights using calendar time-specific propensity scores. Secondary analyses assessed duration and dose-response associations.
resultsAfter a median follow-up of 5.0 years, the use of PPIs was associated with a 45% increased risk of gastric cancer compared with the use of H2RAs (HR 1.45, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.98). The number needed to harm was 2121 and 1191 for five and 10 years after treatment initiation, respectively. The HRs increased with cumulative duration, cumulative omeprazole equivalents and time since treatment initiation. The results were consistent across several sensitivity analyses.
conclusionThe findings of this large population-based cohort study indicate that the use of PPIs is associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer compared with the use of H2RAs, although the absolute risk remains low.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.