ArticleTobacco control2023
Exploring the gateway hypothesis of e-cigarettes and tobacco: a prospective replication study among adolescents in the Netherlands and Flanders.
Article in Tobacco control, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 88 citations in OpenAlex.
- How primary care addresses vaping in the youth: a systematic literature review.BMC primary care · 2026Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between e-cigarette use among non-tobacco users and initiating smoking of combustible cigarettes.Harm reduction journal · 2024Pooled it
- Systematic Review and Critical Analysis of Longitudinal Studies Assessing Effect of E-Cigarettes on Cigarette Initiation among Adolescent Never-Smokers.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Pooled it
- General practitioners' knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and practices surrounding the prescription of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation: a mixed-methods systematic review.BMC public health · 2022Pooled it
- Vaping-related lung disease: a narrative review.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Review
- Opposition to Youth e-Cigarette Prevention Campaigns on Twitter and TikTok: Cross-Platform Observational Mixed Methods Analysis.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Observational
- Past trends, future forecasts and socio-demographic patterns of cigarette smoking in Belgium, 1997 to 2040.Population health metrics · 2026Article
- Frequent, dual and nighttime nicotine use among Dutch adolescents: findings from a school-based survey.European journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Article
- Adolescent nicotine exposure and persistent neurocircuitry changes: unveiling lifelong psychiatric risks.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Review
- Interactions between ENDS and cigarette use: evidence from a 2022 national telephone survey in South Africa.Tobacco control · 2025Article
- E-cigarette Use and Incident Cardiometabolic Conditions in the All of Us Research Program.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
- Review
- Prevalence and Associations of Vaping in Young People Entering Youth Custody in New South Wales, Australia-A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of paediatrics and child health · 2025Article
- Local and systemic effects in e-cigarette users compared to cigarette smokers, dual users, and non-smokers.Respiratory research · 2025Article
- Screening for Endocrine Bioactivity Potential of Tobacco Product Chemicals Including Flavor Chemicals.Environmental toxicology · 2025Article
- Awareness, perceptions, and use of e-cigarettes among medical university students in Tbilisi, Georgia.Journal of substance use · 2025Article
- Perceptions of Health Risks and Accessibility: A Social Media-Based Pilot Study of Factors Influencing Use of Vaping and Combustible Tobacco Products.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children: adolescent never smoking and associations with individual, social, and environmental factors.Health promotion international · 2025Article
- Predictors of high tobacco use prevalence among adults in Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, Serbia.PloS one · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundStudies demonstrated that adolescent e-cigarette use is associated with subsequent tobacco smoking, commonly referred to as the
designThe longitudinal design included baseline (n=2839) and 6-month (n=1276) and 12-month (n=1025) follow-up surveys among a school-based cohort (mean age: 13.62). Ten high schools were recruited as a convenience sample. The analyses involved (1) associations of baseline e-cigarette use and subsequent tobacco smoking among never smokers; (2) associations of e-cigarette use frequency at baseline and tobacco smoking frequency at follow-up; and (3) the association of baseline tobacco smoking and subsequent e-cigarette use among non-users of e-cigarettes.
findingsConsistent with prior findings, baseline e-cigarette use was associated with higher odds of tobacco smoking at 6-month (OR=1.89; 95% CI 1.05 to 3.37) and 12-month (OR=5.63; 95% CI 3.04 to 10.42) follow-ups. More frequent use of e-cigarettes at baseline was associated with more frequent smoking at follow-ups. Baseline tobacco smoking was associated with subsequent e-cigarette use (OR=3.10; 95% CI 1.58 to 6.06 at both follow-ups).
conclusionOur study replicated the positive relation between e-cigarette use and tobacco smoking in both directions for adolescents. This may mean that the gateway works in two directions, that e-cigarette and tobacco use share common risk factors, or that both mechanisms apply.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.