Observational studyBMC neurology2021
Sex and age differences in isolated traumatic brain injury: a retrospective observational study.
Observational study in BMC neurology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Association Between Sex and Mortality After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Neurocritical care · 2026Pooled it
- Biological sex, but not obesity, independently predicts anatomical injury patterns in trauma bay patients: a multivariate retrospective analysis of 2,128 patients.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Sex and Age Differences in Outcomes of Traumatic Brain Injury: Findings from the Japan Neurotrauma Data Bank.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Evaluation of Traumatic Brain Injury Severity Using the Abbreviated Injury Scale and the Injury Severity Score: A Retrospective Study in Two Eastern European Centers.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Sex-stratified patterns in geriatric patients with mild traumatic brain injury and intracranial bleeding: a retrospective cohort study.International journal of emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Alterations of Alpl and bFGF levels in peripheral tissues after mild traumatic brain injury: implications on sexual differences.Molecular biology reports · 2025Article
- Sex differences and gender-oriented characteristics in intensive care unit admissions for patients with traumatic brain injury in Spain.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Nanoparticle targeting strategies for traumatic brain injury.Journal of neural engineering · 2024Review
- Traumatic brain injury-induced inflammatory changes in the olfactory bulb disrupt neuronal networks leading to olfactory dysfunction.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2023Article
- Clinical Theragnostic Signature of Extracellular Vesicles in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI).ACS chemical neuroscience · 2023Review
- Prediction of Mortality in Geriatric Traumatic Brain Injury Patients Using Machine Learning Algorithms.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- Sex-related differences in extracranial complications in patients with traumatic brain injury.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Article
- Sex-specific extracerebral complications in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Article
- Gender Discrepancy in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Retrospective Study from a Level 1 Trauma Center.BioMed research international · 2022Article
- Social Determinants of Health and Their Role in Basilar Skull Fracture Outcomes: A Level 1 Trauma Multicenter Retrospective Study.Neurotrauma reportsArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAmong the many factors that may influence traumatic brain injury (TBI) progression, sex is one of the most controversial. The objective of this study was to investigate sex differences in TBI-associated morbidity and mortality using data from the largest trauma registry in Japan.
methodsThis retrospective, population-based observational study included patients with isolated TBI, who were registered in a nationwide database between 2004 and 2018. We excluded patients with extracranial injury (Abbreviated Injury Scale score ≥ 3) and removed potential confounding factors, such as non-neurological causes of mortality. Patients were stratified by age and mortality and post-injury complications were compared between males and females.
resultsA total of 51,726 patients with isolated TBI were included (16,901 females and 34,825 males). Mortality across all ages was documented in 12.01% (2030/16901) and 12.76% (4445/34825) of males and females, respectively. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) of TBI mortality for males compared to females was 1.32 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22-1.42]. Males aged 10-19 years and ≥ 60 years had a significantly higher mortality than females in the same age groups (10-19 years: adjusted OR, 1.97 [95% CI, 1.08-3.61]; 60-69 years: adjusted OR, 1.24 [95% CI, 1.02-1.50]; 70-79 years: adjusted OR, 1.20 [95% CI, 1.03-1.40]; 80-89 years: adjusted OR, 1.50 [95% CI, 1.31-1.73], and 90-99 years: adjusted OR, 1.72 [95% CI, 1.28-2.32]). In terms of the incidence of post-TBI neurologic and non-neurologic complications, the crude ORs were 1.29 (95% CI, 1.19-1.39) and 1.14 (95% CI, 1.07-1.22), respectively, for males versus females. This difference was especially evident among elderly patients (neurologic complications: OR, 1.27 [95% CI, 1.14-1.41]; non-neurologic complications: OR, 1.29 [95% CI, 1.19-1.39]).
conclusionsIn a nationwide sample of patients with TBI in Japan, males had a higher mortality than females. This disparity was particularly evident among younger and older generations. Furthermore, elderly males experienced more TBI complications than females of the same age.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.