ReviewClinical epidemiology and global health
The antiviral activity of iota-, kappa-, and lambda-carrageenan against COVID-19: A critical review.
Review in Clinical epidemiology and global health. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 78 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Potential Lubricating Mechanism of Alginate Acid and Carrageenan on the Inner Surface of Orthokeratology Lenses.Polymers · 2025Article
- Prebiotic and Functional Fibers from Micro- and Macroalgae: Gut Microbiota Modulation, Health Benefits, and Food Applications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Beyond Nutrition: The Therapeutic Promise of Seaweed-Derived Polysaccharides Against Bacterial and Viral Threats.Marine drugs · 2025Review
- A pan-respiratory virus attachment inhibitor with high potency in human airway models and in vivo.Science advances · 2025Article
- Synergistic Antiviral Activity of Xanthan Gum and Camostat Against Influenza Virus Infection.Viruses · 2025Article
- Piezoelectric Behaviour in Biodegradable Carrageenan and Iron (III) Oxide Based Sensor.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Marine Polysaccharides Carrageenans Enhance Eryptosis and Alter Lipid Order of Cell Membranes in Erythrocytes.Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2024Article
- Screening, optimization, and ADMET evaluation of HCJ007 for pancreatic cancer treatment through active learning and dynamics simulation.Frontiers in chemistry · 2024Article
- Biodegradable Carrageenan-Based Force Sensor: An Experimental Approach.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- β-Cyclodextrin Modified Hydrogels of Kappa-Carrageenan for Methotrexate Delivery.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
- Preclinical evaluation of ISH0339, a tetravalent broadly neutralizing bispecific antibody against SARS-CoV-2 with long-term protection.Antibody therapeutics · 2023Article
- The effect of kappa-carrageenan and gum Arabic on the production of guava-banana fruit leather.Journal of food science and technology · 2022Article
- The Effect of Polysaccharides on Preventing Proteins and Cholesterol from Being Adsorbed on the Surface of Orthokeratology Lenses.Polymers · 2022Article
- Review
- Article
- Advances in Research on Antiviral Activities of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Seaweeds.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- The Potential of Dietary Bioactive Compounds against SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Review
- Antiviral Activities of Algal-Based Sulfated Polysaccharides.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Influence of the Structural Features of Carrageenans from Red Algae of the Far Eastern Seas on Their Antiviral Properties.Marine drugs · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThere is no specific antiviral treatment available for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Among the possible natural constituents is carrageenan, a polymer derived from marine algae that possesses a variety of antiviral properties. The purpose of this review was to summarize the evidence supporting carrageenan subtypes' antiviral activity against the emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19.
methodsPubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar searches were conducted for publications using the terms 'carrageenan', 'iota carrageenan', 'kappa carrageenan', lambda-carrageenan', 'coronavirus', 'common cold', 'rhinovirus', and 'SARS-CoV-2' search was also done in grey literature to increase our understanding. A search for the word "carrageenan" was also carried out. Most of the publications were discussed in narrative.
resultsCarrageenan has been shown to have potent antiviral activity against both coronaviruses (coronavirus NL63, SARS-CoV-2) and non-coronaviruses such as dengue virus, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, vaccinia virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, sindbis virus, human immunodeficiency virus, influenza virus, human papillomavirus, rabies virus, junin virus, tacaribe virus, African swine fever, bovine herpes virus, suid herpes virus, and rhinovirus. No
conclusionThough the carrageenan exhibited potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and was used to treat COVID-19 under emergency protocol in conjunction with oral medications such as ivermectin, there is no solid evidence from clinical trials to support its efficacy. Thus, clinical trials are required to assess its efficacy for COVID-19 treatment prior to broad application.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.