ReviewJournal of clinical and translational hepatology2021
A Review of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Immunopathogenesis.
Review in Journal of clinical and translational hepatology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Carbohydrates Metabolic Signatures in Immune Cells: Response to Infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- [Analysis of epidemiological characteristics and spatial clustering of hepatitis C virus in China from 2018 to 2022].Zhonghua gan zang bing za zhi = Zhonghua ganzangbing zazhi = Chinese journal of hepatology · 2026Article
- Liver Dysfunction Explains a Substantial Proportion of Circulating cfDNA Variability in HCC: An Exploratory Study.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- HCV-Induced Hepatocarcinogenesis: Molecular Mechanisms, Persistent Cancer Risk, and Future Perspectives.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Therapeutic Vaccines for Chronic Viral Infections: From Immune Modulation to Clinical Translation.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Low seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus and absence of hepatitis C virus among patients attending dental clinics in Mogadishu, Somalia.BMC gastroenterology · 2026Article
- Hepatitis C Virus: An Overview of Its Chronic Impact on Liver Function, Metabolic Dysregulation, Inflammatory-Oxidative Pathogenesis and Epigenetic Memory.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Trace Elements and Viral Infectious Diseases: Dual Roles in Pathogenesis and Immunity.Infectious disease reports · 2026Review
- Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C viral infections among refugees in Muzaffarabad, Pakistan.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- OraQuick hepatitis C virus self-test: A new frontier in hepatitis C screening.World journal of virology · 2025Article
- Modulating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and heme oxygenase-1 in liver-brain axis disorders.World journal of psychiatry · 2025Review
- Genome-Based Mexican Diet Bioactives Target Molecular Pathways in HBV, HCV, and MASLD: A Bioinformatic Approach for Liver Disease Prevention.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Extracellular Vesicles and Micro-RNAs in Liver Disease.Seminars in liver disease · 2025Review
- Circulating thrombospondin 2 as a predictor of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis B patients undergoing nucleos(t)ide analog therapy.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Review
- Overview of Hepatitis B Vaccine Non-Response and Associated B Cell Amnesia: A Scoping Review.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Article
- Research Progress on the Role and Mechanism of IL-37 in Liver Diseases.Seminars in liver disease · 2023Article
- [Recompensation of complications in patients with hepatitis B virus-related decompensated cirrhosis treated with entecavir antiviral therapy].Zhonghua gan zang bing za zhi = Zhonghua ganzangbing zazhi = Chinese journal of hepatology · 2023Article
- [Regulation and influence of mitochondria on macrophages during hepatitis B virus infection].Zhonghua gan zang bing za zhi = Zhonghua ganzangbing zazhi = Chinese journal of hepatology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Despite the advances in therapy, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) still represent a significant global health burden, both as major causes of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and death worldwide. HBV is capable of incorporating its covalently closed circular DNA into the host cell's hepatocyte genome, making it rather difficult to eradicate its chronic stage. Successful viral clearance depends on the complex interactions between the virus and host's innate and adaptive immune response. One encouraging fact on hepatitis B is the development and effective distribution of the HBV vaccine. This has significantly reduced the spread of this virus. HCV is a RNA virus with high mutagenic capacity, thus enabling it to evade the immune system and have a high rate of chronic progression. High levels of HCV heterogeneity and its mutagenic capacity have made it difficult to create an effective vaccine. The recent advent of direct acting antivirals has ushered in a new era in hepatitis C therapy. Sustained virologic response is achieved with DAAs in 85-99% of cases. However, this still leads to a large population of treatment failures, so further advances in therapy are still needed. This article reviews the immunopathogenesis of HBV and HCV, their properties contributing to host immune system avoidance, chronic disease progression, vaccine efficacy and limitations, as well as treatment options and common pitfalls of said therapy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.