Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34220810›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in immunology2021

Enhanced IL-1β Release Following NLRP3 and AIM2 Inflammasome Stimulation Is Linked to mtROS in Airway Macrophages in Pulmonary Fibrosis.

Athina Trachalaki, Eliza Tsitoura, Semeli Mastrodimou, Rachele Invernizzi, Eirini Vasarmidi, Eleni Bibaki, Nikolaos Tzanakis, Philip L Molyneaux, Toby M Maher, Katerina Antoniou

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
47citing papers in PubMed
8.7field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

47 citing papers in PubMed, 75 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Inflammasomes in respiratory diseases: from disease pathogenesis to drug development and use of multi-omics.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2026
    Review
  2. Review
  3. Review
  4. Review
  5. Review
  6. Review
  7. Review
  8. Review
  9. Altered Metabolism in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.Journal of cellular physiology · 2025
    Review
  10. Article
  11. Insights into interstitial lung disease pathogenesis.Breathe (Sheffield, England) · 2025
    Review
  12. Article
  13. MAM-STAT3-Driven Mitochondrial CaAdvanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025
    Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.

Athina TrachalakiLaboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pneumonology, Respiratory Medicine Department, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
Eliza TsitouraLaboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pneumonology, Respiratory Medicine Department, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
Semeli MastrodimouLaboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pneumonology, Respiratory Medicine Department, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
Rachele InvernizziNational Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Eirini VasarmidiLaboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pneumonology, Respiratory Medicine Department, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
Eleni BibakiLaboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pneumonology, Respiratory Medicine Department, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
Nikolaos TzanakisLaboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pneumonology, Respiratory Medicine Department, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
Philip L MolyneauxNational Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Toby M MaherNational Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Katerina AntoniouLaboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pneumonology, Respiratory Medicine Department, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
Imperial College London · GBUniversity Hospital of Heraklion · GRUniversity of Crete · GRRoyal Brompton Hospital · GB

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Fibrotic Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are complex disorders of variable clinical behaviour. The majority of them cause significant morbidity, whilst Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is recognised as the most relentless. NLRP3, AIM2, and NLRC4 inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes driving IL-1β release; a proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokine. Several pathogenetic factors associated with IPF are identified as inflammasome activators, including increases in mtROS and bacterial burden. Mitochondrial oxidation and alterations in bacterial burden in IPF and other ILDs may lead to augmented inflammasome activity in airway macrophages (AMs). IPF (n=14), non-IPF-ILDs (n=12) patients and healthy subjects (n=12) were prospectively recruited and AMs were isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage. IL-1β release resulting from NLRP3, AIM2 and NLRC4 inflammasomes stimulation in AMs were determined and baseline levels of mitochondrial ROS and microbial burden were also measured. Our results showed that NLRP3 was more inducible in IPF and other ILDs compared to controls. Additionally, following AIM2 activation IL-1β release was significantly higher in IPF compared to controls, whereas similar trends were observed in Non-IPF-ILDs. NLRC4 activation was similar across groups. mtROS was significantly associated with heightened NLRP3 and AIM2 activation, and mitochondrial antioxidant treatment limited inflammasome activation. Importantly, microbial burden was linked to baseline IL-1β release and

Indexed as

AdultAgedAged, 80 and overBronchoalveolar Lavage FluidDNA-Binding ProteinsFemaleHumansIdiopathic Pulmonary FibrosisInflammasomesInterleukin-1betaLipopolysaccharidesLungMacrophagesMaleMiddle AgedNLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 ProteinAIM2 protein, humanDNA-Binding ProteinsIL1B protein, humanInflammasomesInterleukin-1betalipopolysaccharide, Escherichia coli O111 B4LipopolysaccharidesNLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 ProteinAIM2ILDIPF – idiopathic pulmonary fibrosismicrobiomemitochondrial reactive oxygen speciesmtROSNLRC4NLRP3

Identifiers

PMID34220810
PMCPMC8248801
OpenAlexW3173692007

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.