ReviewFrontiers in immunology2021
COVID-19 Severity in Obesity: Leptin and Inflammatory Cytokine Interplay in the Link Between High Morbidity and Mortality.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 92 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of aerobic exercise on body composition in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Organokines in COVID-19: A Systematic Review.Cells · 2023Pooled it
- Adipogenesis Under Leptin Control: Mechanisms and Model-Specific Effects.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Obesity and respiratory diseases: mechanisms, phenotypes, and clinical implications.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2026Review
- Observational
- Adherence to the Mediterranean diet, particularly olive oil intake, and metabolic health parameters are independently associated with SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced IgG responses.Metabolism open · 2026Article
- An Overview of the Effects of Exercise on Viral Infection in Obesity: Recent Advances and Potential Mechanisms.Applied biochemistry and biotechnology · 2026Review
- Serum lipidome remodeling in viral pneumonia: from pathophysiology to therapeutics.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Investigating the contribution of circulating inflammatory cytokines on the link between obesity and COVID-19.Adipocyte · 2025Article
- Hidden Hunger in Pediatric Obesity: Redefining Malnutrition Through Macronutrient Quality and Micronutrient Deficiency.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Physical Activity, Exerkines, and Their Role in Cancer Cachexia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Obesity and COVID-19: Pathophysiological Insights and Pulmonary Complications in a Retrospective Cohort Study.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Leptin and Acute Lung Disorders.Comprehensive Physiology · 2025Review
- Genome-Wide Association Study of COVID-19 Breakthrough Infections and Genetic Overlap with Other Diseases: A Study of the UK Biobank.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Immunometabolic Interactions in Obesity: Implications for Therapeutic Strategies.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein (LBP) and Inflammatory Biomarkers in SARS-CoV-2 Hospitalized Patients.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Causal association of obesity and chronic pain mediated by educational attainment and smoking: a mediation Mendelian randomization study.The Korean journal of pain · 2025Article
- Sex-Specific Effect of a High-Energy Diet on Body Composition, Gut Microbiota, and Inflammatory Markers in Rats.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Impaired inflammatory resolution with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection in leptin knock out obese hamster.iScience · 2025Article
- Web-based high-intensity bodyweight interval training improves metabolic health and physical fitness outcomes in middle-aged men with obesity during the COVID-19 pandemic.Frontiers in physiology · 2025Article
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Obesity is one of the foremost risk factors in coronavirus infection resulting in severe illness and mortality as the pandemic progresses. Obesity is a well-known predisposed chronic inflammatory condition. The dynamics of obesity and its impacts on immunity may change the disease severity of pneumonia, especially in acute respiratory distress syndrome, a primary cause of death from SARS-CoV-2 infection. The adipocytes of adipose tissue secret leptin in proportion to individuals' body fat mass. An increase in circulating plasma leptin is a typical characteristic of obesity and correlates with a leptin-resistant state. Leptin is considered a pleiotropic molecule regulating appetite and immunity. In immunity, leptin functions as a cytokine and coordinates the host's innate and adaptive responses by promoting the Th1 type of immune response. Leptin induced the proliferation and functions of antigen-presenting cells, monocytes, and T helper cells, subsequently influencing the pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion by these cells, such as TNF-α, IL-2, or IL-6. Leptin scarcity or resistance is linked with dysregulation of cytokine secretion leading to autoimmune disorders, inflammatory responses, and increased susceptibility towards infectious diseases. Therefore, leptin activity by leptin long-lasting super active antagonist's dysregulation in patients with obesity might contribute to high mortality rates in these patients during SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review systematically discusses the interplay mechanism between leptin and inflammatory cytokines and their contribution to the fatal outcomes in COVID-19 patients with obesity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.