ArticleMedical archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina)2021
Mask-Associated Dry Eye During COVID-19 Pandemic-How Face Masks Contribute to Dry Eye Disease Symptoms.
Article in Medical archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 88 citations in OpenAlex.
- TFOS lifestyle: Impact of societal challenges on the ocular surface.The ocular surface · 2023Pooled it
- Mask-associated dry eye disease following short-term facemask wear with or without nasal bridge taping among health workers at a Nigerian tertiary care facility: a cross-over randomized clinical trial.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Influence of short-term face mask wear on semiautomatically measured tear film parameters in dry eye patients and healthy volunteers.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2023Trial
- Omega-3 fatty acids supplements for dry eye - Are they effective or ineffective?Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2023Trial
- Relationship Between COVID-19 and Retinal Artery Occlusions.Journal of ophthalmology · 2026Review
- Public Interest in Dry Eye Disease and Its Association With Environmental Parameters in Taiwan: Google Trends Infodemiology Study.JMIR infodemiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Ocular symptoms in COVID-19 patients with a history of hospitalization in the first pandemic wave in Styria, Austria.Frontiers in ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Review
- Dry Eye Syndrome in Children during the COVID-19 Pandemic.Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO · 2024Article
- The impact of COVID-19 on hay fever treatment in Japan: A retrospective cohort study based on the Japanese claims database.Clinical and translational allergy · 2024Article
- Evaluation of eyelid features' changes before and after COVID-19 pandemic amongst healthcare and home office workers.International ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Dry Eye Disease: An Update on Changing Perspectives on Causes, Diagnosis, and Management.Cureus · 2024Review
- Real or MADE-up: Investigating Mask-Associated Dry Eye (MADE) as an emerging syndrome.Eye (London, England) · 2024Review
- Face Mask and Tear Film Stability: A Pilot Study of the Objective Measurement of Tear Break-Up Time.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Prolonged facemask wearing among hospital workers and dry eye - a mixed-methods study.BMC ophthalmology · 2023Article
- Has the Use of the Mask Exacerbated Rosacea During the Pandemic?Dermatology practical & conceptual · 2023Article
- Considerations of COVID-19 in Ophthalmology.Microorganisms · 2023Review
- The effects of facial mask use on ocular surface parameters and tear film cytokine profile in prolonged use.International ophthalmology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIn the year 2020 we observe the world adapting to "new normal" due to the COVID-19 pandemic, ways of which include physical distancing, hand hygiene, and wearing a face mask. There is no conclusive evidence about ocular manifestations of the new coronavirus infection, but cases of conjunctivitis, keratitis, and episcleritis have been reported in infected individuals.
objectiveDetermining if wearing a face mask during COVID-19 pandemic causes a new onset or deterioration of previously existing dry eye disease (DED).
methodsA prospective cohort study included 203 participants, all using surgical facemasks daily due to new regulations during COVID-19 pandemic. Participants completed a survey, containing modified Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire. They were divided into groups according to: sex, age, duration of face mask-wear, and existence of prior DED history.
resultsOur results indicate that women have a statistically higher OSDI score compared to men (14.4 (IQR = 2.4 - 41.7) vs. 5.0 (IQR = 0.0 - 24.4);
conclusionOur study confirmed the existence of mask-associated dry eye (MADE), most profoundly in females, subjects with a history of prior DED, and if wearing a face mask lasts longer than 3 hours per day. Ophthalmologists should advise their patients of the potential ocular surface health risks related to inadequately fitted facemasks.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.