ArticleJournal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD2021
Normative References for Graphomotor and Latency Digital Clock Drawing Metrics for Adults Age 55 and Older: Operationalizing the Production of a Normal Appearing Clock.
Article in Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Predicting cognitive impairment using novel functional features of spatial proximity and circularity in the digital clock drawing test.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Article
- Developing a fair and interpretable representation of the clock drawing test for mitigating low education and racial bias.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Design and Feasibility Analysis of a Smartphone-Based Digital Cognitive Assessment Study in the Framingham Heart Study.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2024Article
- Contributions of Cardiovascular Burden, Peripheral Inflammation, and Brain Integrity on Digital Clock Drawing Performance in Non-Demented Older Adults.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2023Article
- The New Frontier of Perioperative Cognitive Medicine for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2022Review
- The functional connectivity and neuropsychology underlying mental planning operations: data from the digital clock drawing test.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
15 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundRelative to the abundance of publications on dementia and clock drawing, there is limited literature operationalizing 'normal' clock production.
objectiveTo operationalize subtle behavioral patterns seen in normal digital clock drawing to command and copy conditions.
methodsFrom two research cohorts of cognitively-well participants age 55 plus who completed digital clock drawing to command and copy conditions (n = 430), we examined variables operationalizing clock face construction, digit placement, clock hand construction, and a variety of time-based, latency measures. Data are stratified by age, education, handedness, and number anchoring.
resultsNormative data are provided in supplementary tables. Typical errors reported in clock research with dementia were largely absent. Adults age 55 plus produce symmetric clock faces with one stroke, with minimal overshoot and digit misplacement, and hands with expected hour hand to minute hand ratio. Data suggest digitally acquired graphomotor and latency differences based on handedness, age, education, and anchoring.
conclusionData provide useful benchmarks from which to assess digital clock drawing performance in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.