ArticleJournal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD2021
A Modified CAIDE Risk Score as a Screening Tool for Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults.
Article in Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- A critical review and classification of dementia risk assessment tools to inform dementia risk reduction.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2025Pooled it
- Associations of dementia polyexposure scores to Alzheimer's disease endophenotypes in a diverse population.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Cardiovascular risk factors, aging, and incidence of dementia (CAIDE) risk score and its association with cognitive performance and volumetric brain measures in mild cognitive impairment.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2026Article
- The CAIDE dementia risk score indicates elevated cognitive risk in late adulthood: a structural and functional neuroimaging study.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Associations of dementia polyexposure scores to Alzheimer's disease endophenotypes in diverse populations.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- The role of genomic-informed risk assessments in predicting dementia outcomes.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- The Role of Genomic-Informed Risk Assessments in Predicting Dementia Outcomes.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Technology-Enabled Cognitive Strategy Intervention for Secondary Stroke Prevention: A Feasibility Study.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Modifiable and Non-Modifiable Risk Factors for Dementia Among Non-Hispanic White and Black Populations Aged 50-64 in the United States, 2006-2016.Journal of geriatric psychiatry and neurology · 2025Article
- Dementia risk scores, apolipoprotein E, and risk of Alzheimer's disease: One size does not fit all.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- Dementia Risk Scores,medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Addition of inflammation-related biomarkers to the CAIDE model for risk prediction of all-cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia in a prospective study.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2024Article
- Article
- Dementia and comorbidities in primary care: a scoping review.BMC primary care · 2023Article
- Preventing Dementia-A Cross-Sectional Study of Outpatients in a Tertiary Internal Medicine Department.Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Article
- Exploring Reasons for Differential Vulnerability and Alzheimer's Disease Risk in Racial and Ethnic Minorities.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2023Article
- Dementia Risk Models in an Australian First Nations Population: Cross-Sectional Associations and Preparation for Follow-Up.Journal of Alzheimer's disease reports · 2023Article
- Article
- Modified dementia risk score as a tool for the prediction of dementia: a prospective cohort study of 239745 participants.Translational psychiatry · 2022Article
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment (VCI).Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAlthough an efficacious dementia-risk score system, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging, and Dementia (CAIDE) was derived using midlife risk factors in a population with low educational attainment that does not reflect today's US population, and requires laboratory biomarkers, which are not always available.
objectiveDevelop and validate a modified CAIDE (mCAIDE) system and test its ability to predict presence, severity, and etiology of cognitive impairment in older adults.
methodsPopulation consisted of 449 participants in dementia research (N = 230; community sample; 67.9±10.0 years old, 29.6%male, 13.7±4.1 years education) or receiving dementia clinical services (N = 219; clinical sample; 74.3±9.8 years old, 50.2%male, 15.5±2.6 years education). The mCAIDE, which includes self-reported and performance-based rather than blood-derived measures, was developed in the community sample and tested in the independent clinical sample. Validity against Framingham, Hachinski, and CAIDE risk scores was assessed.
resultsHigher mCAIDE quartiles were associated with lower performance on global and domain-specific cognitive tests. Each one-point increase in mCAIDE increased the odds of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) by up to 65%, those of AD by 69%, and those for non-AD dementia by > 85%, with highest scores in cases with vascular etiologies. Being in the highest mCAIDE risk group improved ability to discriminate dementia from MCI and controls and MCI from controls, with a cut-off of ≥7 points offering the highest sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values.
conclusionmCAIDE is a robust indicator of cognitive impairment in community-dwelling seniors, which can discriminate well between dementia severity including MCI versus controls. The mCAIDE may be a valuable tool for case ascertainment in research studies, helping flag primary care patients for cognitive testing, and identify those in need of lifestyle interventions for symptomatic control.
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