ReviewTrends in immunology2021
The 'cytokine storm': molecular mechanisms and therapeutic prospects.
Review in Trends in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 270 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
270 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 372 citations in OpenAlex.
- Circulating Inflammatory Proteins and Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy: A Mendelian Randomization and Bioinformatics-Based Investigation.Translational vision science & technology · 2026Pooled it
- Targeted activation of PPARG or AKT1 alleviates liver injury in mice with type 2 diabetes and sepsis by modulating inflammatory and metabolic pathways.Annals of medicine · 2026Article
- Reverse-Engineered Lipid Nanoparticles Harness Protein Corona Formation for Cytokine Sequestration and Combination Immunomodulatory Therapy.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Article
- Innate immune sensors of inflammasomes and PANoptosomes: structural-mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications.Cell research · 2026Review
- Embrace Disorder as a Function: Bio-Informed Biomaterials Design Advanced by Intrinsically Disordered Proteins.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Exploring Endotoxemia in Age-Related Macular Degeneration, Glaucoma, and Diabetic Retinopathy.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Review
- Regulated cell death-induced coagulation dysfunction in sepsis.Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis · 2026Review
- PANoptosis in the pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndromes.Molecular oncology · 2026Review
- Article
- PANoptosis in life and death across cell types: From innate immunity to therapeutic implications.Cell chemical biology · 2026Review
- Diffuse alveolar damage, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema (NCPE). Part 2: NCPE apart from ARDS, molecular and cellular consequences of primary injury to the lung interstitium, with comparative immunology of the dog and cat.Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc · 2026Review
- Review
- From weather to symptoms: Preliminary links between weather and inflammation in schizophrenia.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Epigenetic regulation of TaFIP phytocytokine clusters confers basal resistance via receptor kinase TaFIPR in wheat.Nature plants · 2026Article
- The dual balance of the cytokine network: key messengers of immune activation and triggers of cytokine storm.Biomarker research · 2026Review
- Cytokine and chemokine profiles linked to early severity of scrub typhus: multicenter validation of soluble PD-L1.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2026Article
- Extracorporeal Cytokine Hemadsorption with oXirisJournal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Pseudorabies virus infection induces IRF1-dependent PANoptosis to provoke the excessive release of HMGB1 and IL-1β.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Folate-mediated inflammatory microenvironment-responsive nanocarriers for the delivery of Moringa A to target NLRP3 for the treatment of viral pneumonia.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Article
- Pharmacological targeting of the NLRP3 LRR domain with isothiazolinones overcomes CRID3-resistant inflammation.EMBO molecular medicine · 2026Article
210 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) has generally been described as a collection of clinical manifestations resulting from an overactivated immune system. Cytokine storms (CSs) are associated with various pathologies, as observed in infectious diseases, certain acquired or inherited immunodeficiencies and autoinflammatory diseases, or following therapeutic interventions. Despite the role of CS in tissue damage and multiorgan failure, a systematic understanding of its underlying molecular mechanisms is lacking. Recent studies demonstrate a positive feedback loop between cytokine release and cell death pathways; certain cytokines, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), can activate inflammatory cell death, leading to further cytokine secretion. Here, we discuss recent progress in innate immunity and inflammatory cell death, providing insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of CSs and therapeutics that might quell ensuing life-threatening effects.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.