Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34216311›Full record

ArticleHealth & justice2021

Do prisoners trust the healthcare system?

Lindsey A Vandergrift, Paul P Christopher

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Health & justice, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
31citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
11.4field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 58 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Oral health of incarcerated young people: a scoping review.European archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry · 2026
    Article
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  7. Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Prison Inmates: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Clinical medicine insights. Arthritis and musculoskeletal disorders · 2026
    Review
  8. Experiences and impact of moral injury in prisons.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2025
    Article
  9. Article
  10. Observational
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  13. Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Lindsey A VandergriftWarren Alpert Medical School, Biomedical Department, Brown University, 69 Brown St G-9474, RI, 02903, Providence, USA. lindsey_vandergrift@brown.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0887-7531
Paul P ChristopherWarren Alpert Medical School, Biomedical Department, Brown University, 69 Brown St G-9474, RI, 02903, Providence, USA.
Brown University · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundIndividuals who are incarcerated have greater healthcare needs than non-justice-involved individuals, yet incarcerated individuals often report substandard care. There are disproportionate numbers of black, indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) in prison, who, even in general society face greater obstacles to accessing healthcare and have worse health outcomes due to structural racism. Regardless of race, people with criminal justice involvement often report stigma from the non-carceral healthcare system. Providing sufficient healthcare in carceral settings themselves is complicated by lack of privacy and the inherent dialectic of prisons that restrict freedom and providers focusing on healing and health. Based on these adverse experiences, people who are incarcerated may have decreased distrust in the healthcare system, deterring individuals from getting adequate medical care.

methodsIn this exploratory study, health care system distrust was evaluated among 200 people who were incarcerated using the Revised Health Care System Distrust scale, a community-validated, 9-item measure comprised of 2 subscales (values and competence distrust).

resultsDistrust was moderately and positively associated with participant age (r

conclusionsThese preliminary findings suggest that select groups of prisoners may be less likely to trust the healthcare system, highlighting an impediment to receiving adequate care while incarcerated. Further study of this topic is warranted.

Indexed as

Criminal justiceDistrustHealthcareIncarceration

Identifiers

PMID34216311
PMCPMC8254986
OpenAlexW3175032210

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.