ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2021
Experiences With Everyday and Major Forms of Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Type 2 Diabetes Risk Among White, Black, and Hispanic/Latina Women: Findings From the Sister Study.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Cardiometabolic Diseases: A Systematic Review.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2024Pooled it
- "We adjusted for race": now what? A systematic review of utilization and reporting of race in American Journal of Epidemiology and Epidemiology, 2020-2021.Epidemiologic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Associations between perceived discrimination and sleep health: Results from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Young Adult Sleep Study.Sleep health · 2026Article
- Epigenome-wide association study of perceived discrimination in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).Epigenetics · 2025Article
- Intersection of Gender-Race/Color and Glycemic Control in Diabetes in Nine Years of Follow-up of the ELSA-Brazil Cohort.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Racial Discrimination, Religious Coping, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Among African American Women and Men.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Adapting the NIMHD Research Framework for Type 2 Diabetes-Related Disparities.Current diabetes reports · 2025Review
- Influence of Experiences of Discrimination and Anticipated Discrimination on Cardiovascular Health Outcomes.Current cardiology reports · 2025Review
- Early life racial/ethnic discrimination effects on behavioral control and health outcomes in young adults.Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Characterizing syndemic HIV risk profiles and mHealth intervention acceptability among patients in the emergency department.Psychology, health & medicine · 2025Article
- The Influence of Racial Discrimination as a Chronic Stressor on Type 2 Diabetes Risk and Self-Management Behaviors among Black Adults: A Scoping Review.Current diabetes reports · 2024Article
- Rumination mediates associations between microaggressions and sleep quality in Black Americans: the toll of racial microstressors.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2024Article
- Cardiovascular Disease in Hispanic Women: JACC Review Topic of the Week.Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2024Review
- Examining paradoxical session attendance and weight loss relationships in a clinic based lifestyle modification intervention.Obesity science & practice · 2023Article
- Racial and Ethnic Discrimination and Hypertension by Educational Attainment Among a Cohort of US Women.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Disparities in diabetes prevalence and management by race and ethnicity in the USA: defining a path forward.The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Racial/ethnic discrimination may contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but few studies have prospectively examined this relationship among racially/ethnically diverse populations. We analyzed prospective data from 33,833 eligible Sister Study participants enrolled from 2003 to 2009. In a follow-up questionnaire (2008-2012), participants reported their lifetime experiences of everyday and major forms of racial/ethnic discrimination. Self-reported physician diagnoses of T2DM were ascertained through September 2017. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models, overall and by race/ethnicity. Mean age at enrollment was 54.9 (standard deviation, 8.8) years; 90% of participants self-identified as non-Hispanic (NH) White, 7% as NH Black, and 3% as Hispanic/Latina. Over an average of 7 years of follow-up, there were 1,167 incident cases of T2DM. NH Black women most frequently reported everyday (75%) and major (51%) racial/ethnic discrimination (vs. 4% and 2% of NH White women, respectively, and 32% and 16% of Hispanic/Latina women, respectively). While everyday discrimination was not associated with T2DM risk, experiencing major discrimination was marginally associated with higher T2DM risk overall (hazard ratio = 1.26, 95% confidence interval: 0.99, 1.61) after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics and body mass index. Associations were similar across racial/ethnic groups; however, racial/ethnic discrimination was more frequently reported among racial/ethnic minority women. Antidiscrimination efforts may help mitigate racial/ethnic disparities in T2DM risk.
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Registered trials
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