ArticleJournal for immunotherapy of cancer2021
Early rise in brain damage markers and high ICOS expression in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells during checkpoint inhibitor-induced encephalomyelitis.
Article in Journal for immunotherapy of cancer, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neuroglial markers of damage in autoimmune neurology.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2026Review
- The Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-products in the Mouse Anterior Cingulate Cortex is Involved in Neuron‒Astrocyte Coupling in Chronic Inflammatory Pain and Anxiety Comorbidity.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- ICOS+CD4+ T cells define a high susceptibility to anti-PD-1 therapy-induced lung pathogenesis.JCI insight · 2025Article
- Increased serum NfL and GFAP levels indicate different subtypes of neurologic immune-related adverse events during treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors.International journal of cancer · 2025Article
- Factors associated with immune‑related severe adverse events (Review).Molecular and clinical oncology · 2025Review
- Neurofilament Light Chain as Biomarker in Encephalitis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Molecular Study of the Protective Effect of a Low-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Diet against Brain Insulin Resistance in an Animal Model of Metabolic Syndrome.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- Review
- Sixteen-Year Longitudinal Evaluation of Blood-Based DNA Methylation Biomarkers for Early Prediction of Alzheimer's Disease.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2023Article
- MRI techniques for immunotherapy monitoring.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2022Review
- Combinatory analysis of immune cell subsets and tumor-specific genetic variants predict clinical response to PD-1 blockade in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
We report a case of rapid eradication of melanoma brain metastases and simultaneous near-fatal encephalomyelitis following double immune checkpoint blockade. Brain damage marker S-100B and C reactive protein increased before symptoms or signs of encephalomyelitis and peaked when the patient fell into a coma. At that point, additional brain damage markers and peripheral T cell phenotype was analyzed. The analyses were repeated four times during the patient's recovery. Axonal damage marker neurofilament light polypeptide (NFL) and astrocytic damage marker glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP) were very high in blood and cerebrospinal fluid and gradually normalized after immunosuppression and intensive care. The costimulatory receptor inducible T cell costimulatory receptor (ICOS) was expressed on a high proportion of CD4+ and CD8+T cells as encephalomyelitis symptoms peaked and then gradually decreased in parallel with clinical improvement. Both single and double immune checkpoint inhibitor-treated melanoma patients with other serious immune-related adverse events (irAE) (n=9) also expressed ICOS on a significantly higher proportion of CD4+ and CD8+T cells compared with controls without irAE (n=12). In conclusion, our results suggest a potential role for ICOS on CD4+ and CD8+T cells in mediating encephalomyelitis and other serious irAE. In addition, brain damage markers in blood could facilitate early diagnosis of encephalitis.
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