SynthesisBMJ open2021
Parkinson's disease and cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of over 17 million participants.
Synthesis in BMJ open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Investigation of Shared Genetic Risk Factors Between Parkinson's Disease and Cancers.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2023Pooled it
- Levodopa and Melanoma: Practical Recommendations for Parkinson's Disease-International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society Scientific Issues Committee Viewpoint.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2026Article
- Risk Factors for the Diagnosis of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy in the UK Biobank.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2026Article
- Emerging New Pathways in Malignant Neoplasms and Neurodegenerative Disorders: Perspectives for Therapeutics.Cells · 2026Review
- The dual impact of GBA1 in disease: from germline mutations in neurological disorders to alterations in cancer.Cell death discovery · 2026Review
- Antidepressant and Antipsychotic Drug Use and Cancer Risk: Protocol for an Overview of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- The metabolic crossroads: glycolysis in cancer and neurodegeneration.BMC neurology · 2025Article
- Association of Sporadic and Genetic Parkinson's Disease with Cancer: Insights from the PPMI Cohort.Genes · 2025Article
- Alpha-synuclein modulates the positioning of endolysosomes in melanoma cells.Human molecular genetics · 2025Article
- Article
- Mortality and causes of death in patients with Parkinson's disease in Taiwan.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2025Article
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Risk of Common Cancer: Mendelian Randomization Interrogation of Causality and Mediation.Phenomics (Cham, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Alpha-synuclein regulates nucleolar DNA double-strand break repair in melanoma.Science advances · 2025Article
- Concomitant Pathologies and Their Impact on Parkinson Disease: A Narrative Overview of Current Evidence.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Prodromal Parkinson's disease and subsequent risk of Parkinson's disease and mortality.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2025Article
- Causal link between mental disorders and gastrointestinal diseases: a Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Alpha-synuclein knockout impairs melanoma development and alters DNA damage repair in the TG3 mouse model in a sex-dependent manner.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- The Prevalence and Clinical Significance of Skin Manifestations in Parkinson's Disease Patients.Dermatology practical & conceptual · 2024Article
- Update: Protective and risk factors for Parkinson disease.Parkinsonism & related disorders · 2024Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo systematically review and qualitatively evaluate epidemiological evidence on associations between Parkinson's disease (PD) and cancer via meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE via PubMed, Web of Science and EMBASE, until March 2021. STUDY SELECTION: Included were publications that (1) were original epidemiological studies on PD and cancer; (2) reported risk estimates; (3) were in English. Exclusion criteria included: (1) review/comments; (2) biological studies; (3) case report/autopsy studies; (4) irrelevant exposure/outcome; (5) treated cases; (6) no measure of risk estimates; (7) no confidence intervals/exact p values and (8) duplicates. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines were followed in data extraction. Two-step screening was performed by two authors blinded to each other. A random-effects model was used to calculate pooled relative risk (RR). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: We included publications that assessed the risk of PD in individuals with vs without cancer and the risk of cancer in individuals with vs without PD.
resultsA total of 63 studies and 17 994 584 participants were included. Meta-analysis generated a pooled RR of 0.82 (n=33; 95% CI 0.76 to 0.88; p<0.001) for association between PD and total cancer, 0.76 (n=21; 95% CI 0.67 to 0.85; p<0.001) for PD and smoking-related cancer and 0.92 (n=19; 95% CI 0.84 to 0.99; p=0.03) for non-smoking-related cancer. PD was associated with an increased risk of melanoma (n=29; pooled RR=1.75; 95% CI 1.43 to 2.14; p<0.001) but not for other skin cancers (n=17; pooled RR=0.90; 95% CI 0.60 to 1.34; p=0.60).
conclusionsPD and total cancer were inversely associated. This inverse association persisted for both smoking-related and non-smoking-related cancers. PD was positively associated with melanoma. These results provide evidence for further investigations for possible mechanistic associations between PD and cancer. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42020162103.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.